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be received at some place

  • 1 receive

    1. II
    receive at some time receive once a week принимать (гостей, друзей и т.п.) раз в неделю; Lady X is not receiving today сегодня леди X не принимает
    2. III
    1) receive smth. receive a note (a message, a telegram, news, a present, payment, a report, instructions, orders, etc.) получать записку и т.д.; wait until you receive the letter подождите, пока не получите письмо; she receives many invitations она получает много приглашений
    2) receive smth. receive a mortal wound (a blow, a black eye, an injury, etc.) получить смертельную рану и т.д.; he received a broken jaw (a broken arm, etc.) ему сломали челюсть и т.д.; receive a defeat (a disappointment, etc.) испытать поражение и т.д.; receive an insult (severe punishment, a severe beating, etc.) подвергаться оскорблению и т.д.
    3) receive smth. he received thirty days его осудили на /он получил/ тридцать суток; he received a heavy sentence ему вынесли суровый приговор; receivea pardon получить помилование; receive an honorary degree (an award, a bonus, etc.) получить почетную степень и т.д., удостоиться почетной степени и т.д.; he received the name of John его назвали /нарекли/ Джоном, ему дали имя Джон
    4) receive smb. receive visitors (boarders, one's neighbours, strangers, a fugitive, etc.) принимать посетителей и т.д., who is going to stay at home to receive the guests? кто останется дома, чтобы принимать гостей?; the king received the new ambassador король принял нового посла || receive smb.'s attentions принимать чьи-л. ухаживания
    5) receive smth. your letter (your request, the matter, etc.) will receive our [immediate] attention мы [немедленно] займемся вашим письмом и т.д.; this book hasn't received the attention it deserves эта книга не была оценена по заслугам
    3. IV
    receive smth., smb. in some manner receive smb.'s work (smb.'s speech, a book, a proposal, the speaker, etc.) very warmly (kindly, well, favourably, courteously, coldly, etc.) очень тепло и т.д. принимать чью-л. работу и т.д.
    4. VII
    receive smth. to do smth. receive orders to march (instructions to go to India at once, etc.) получать приказ выступать и т.д.
    5. XI
    1) be received there was great excitement when the news was received было много волнений, когда было получено это известие; be received by smth. the announcement was received by telegraph извещение /сообщение/ было получено по телеграфу; be received at some time information has not yet been received of the exact date до сих пор еще не получены сведения о точной дате; applications must be received [at the office] not later than 1 p. m. December 31 заявления должны поступить [в контору] не позднее тринадцати часов тридцать первого декабря; be received of smb. receive d of Mr. Smith the sum of t 5 for house rent from the first of January to the first of April получено от мистера Смита 5 фунтов в качестве квартирной платы с первого января по первое апреля
    2) be received at some place she is no longer received in society в обществе ее больше не принимают; he shall not be received at my house в моем доме он не будет принят; be received in some manner he was received with cheers его встретили одобрительными /приветственными/ возгласами; the speaker was received coldly оратора встретили холодно; the speech was well received by the audience слушатели остались очень довольны этой речью; any suggestion will be thankfully received любой совет будет с благодарностью принят
    6. XVI
    receive on some day receive on Monday afternoons (on Tuesdays, etc.) принимать (гостей, друзей и т.п.) в понедельник днем и т.д.
    7. XXI1
    1) receive smth. from smb. receive a letter from one's wife (money from one's father, several books on art from one's friend, etc.) получать письмо от жены и т.д.; I received no sympathy from him я не нашел в нем сочувствия; receive smth. by smth. receive the information by telegraph (goods by the steamer, a parcel by post, etc.) получать сведения по телеграфу и т.д.; receive smth. in smth. receive the news in silence молча встретить эту новость
    2) receive smth. on smth. receive a heavy blow on the head получать сильный удар по голове; receive smth. in smth. he received a wound in the battle он был ранен в этом бою
    3) receive smb. in (to) smth. receive smb. into the party (into a group, into the church, etc.) принимать кого-л. в партию и т.д.; receive smb. into a hospital (a person into one's family as a son, a person in(to) one's house for the purpose of education, etc.) брать /принимать/ кого-л. в больницу и т.д.
    4) receive smb., smth. with smth. receive smb., smth. with joy (with great respect, with tumultuous applause, with cheers, etc.) принимать кого-л., что-л. с радостью и т.д.
    8. XXIV1
    receive smth. as smth. receive smth. as a present (as security, as a gift, etc.) принимать /рассматривать/ что-л. как подарок и т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > receive

  • 2 move

    [muːv]
    v
    1) двигать, отодвигать

    The doctor said the patient must not be moved. — Врач запретил трогать/перевозить больного.

    He wouldn't move a finger to help you. — Он и пальцем не пошевельнет, чтобы помочь тебе.

    - move a chair
    - move the books aside
    2) двигаться, двинуться

    We were afraid to move. — Мы боялись двинуться с места.

    Don't move until I tell you! — Не двигайся, пока я не скажу!

    - move slowly
    - move forward
    3) переселяться, переезжать

    They moved long ago. — Они давно переехали.

    The office has been moved to the ground floor. — Это учреждение переехало на первый этаж.

    They moved in (out) last week. — Они въехали (выехали) на прошлой неделе.

    4) растрогать, тронуть

    He wasn't in the least moved by our story. — Наш рассказ его ничуть не тронул.

    •
    WAYS OF DOING THINGS:
    Глагол to move в значении "двигаться" называет действие, не уточная характера самого движения. Конкретизация действия передаётся рядом других глаголов, таких как to stir, to squirm, to wriggle, to writhe.
    To stir - "шевелиться, пошевелить, сделать лёгкое движение": the sleeping child stirred and open his eyes спящий ребёнок зашевелился и открыл глаза; suddenly one of the boys stirred and started up вдруг один из мальчиков зашевелился и резко поднялся но ноги; I was afraid to stir and draw attention to myself я боялся пошевелиться и привлечь к себе внимание.
    To squirm - "поёжиться, слегка передёрнуться всем телом, особенно если чувствуешь неудобство или боль": keep still, stop squirming, said the doctor as he tried to examine the little boy's ear сиди смирно, перестань ёжиться, сказал врач, пытаясь осмотреть ухо мальчика; Diana squirmed wildly as Jeff ticked her Диану сильно передёрнуло, когда Джефф пощекотал её.
    To wriggle - "сделать лёгкое движение телом для того, чтобы занять какое-либо положение, чтобы протиснуться в отверстие; шевелить": to wriggle one's toes шевелить пальцами ног; the dog wriggled under the fence and escaped into the street собака протиснулась за забор и убежала на улицу; it is possible for a thief to wriggle into any gap larger than a human head воришка может протиснуться в любое отверстие больше человеческой головы; he will think you have flea if you wriggle like that он подумает, что у тебя блохи, если ты будешь так ёжиться/дёргаться/ёрзать.
    To writhe - "извиваться всем телом; раскачиваться всем телом из стороны в сторону, особенно от сильной боли; корчиться от боли": as he received each blow he writhed on the favor and cried out c каждым ударом он извивался на полу всем телом и кричал; she writhed in pain она корчилась от боли всем телом

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > move

  • 3 for

    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    3) (to the benefit of) für
    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    5) (being the motive of) für; (having as purpose) zu

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    work for a living — für den Lebensunterhalt arbeiten

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    8) (to be received by) für

    that's Jim for you — das sieht Jim mal wieder ähnlich

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    10) (to the amount of)

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    16) (on account of the hindrance of) vor (+ Dat.)

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    17) (so far as concerns)

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    18) (considering the usual nature of) für
    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    20) (to the extent of)

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    [fo:] 1. preposition
    1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) für
    2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) nach
    3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) für
    4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) nach
    5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) für
    6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) für
    7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) für
    8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?)
    9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) dafür
    10) (because of: for this reason.) wegen, aus
    11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) für
    12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) für
    13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) für
    14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) für
    15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) trotz
    2. conjunction
    (because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) denn
    * * *
    [fɔ:ʳ, fəʳ, AM fɔ:r, fɚ]
    I. conj ( liter or dated) denn
    II. prep
    1. (intended to be given to) für + akk
    I bought a new collar \for my dog ich habe ein neues Halsband für meinen Hund gekauft
    this is a birthday present \for you hier ist ein Geburtstagsgeschenk für dich
    there are government subsidies available \for farmers für Bauern gibt es Zuschüsse vom Staat
    to vote \for sb/sth für jdn/etw stimmen
    they voted \for independence in a referendum sie haben sich in einem Referendum für die Unabhängigkeit ausgesprochen
    ▪ to be \for sb/sth für jdn/etw sein
    his followers are still \for him seine Anhänger unterstützen ihn noch immer
    to be \for a good cause für einen guten Zweck sein
    to be all \for sth ganz für etw akk sein
    to be \for doing sth dafür sein, dass etw getan wird
    are you \for banning smoking in public places? sind Sie dafür, das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit zu verbieten?
    3. (regarding sb) für + akk
    I'm happy \for you that it finally worked out ich freue mich für dich, dass es endlich geklappt hat
    you're not making it easy \for me to tell you the truth du machst es mir nicht gerade einfach, dir die Wahrheit zu sagen
    the coffee was too strong \for me der Kaffee war mir zu stark
    luckily \for me, I already had another job zu meinem Glück hatte ich bereits eine andere Stelle
    the admiration she felt \for him soon died ihre Bewunderung für ihn war schnell verflogen
    is this seat high enough \for you? ist Ihnen dieser Sitz hoch genug?
    I feel sorry \for her sie tut mir leid
    to feel nothing but contempt \for sb/sth nichts als Verachtung für jdn/etw empfinden
    ▪ to be concerned \for sb/sth um jdn/etw besorgt sein
    to feel \for sb mit jdm fühlen
    as \for me was mich betrifft [o angeht]
    Jackie's already left and, as \for me, I'm going at the end of the month Jackie ist schon weg, und was mich angeht, ich gehe Ende des Monats
    4. (regarding sth) für + akk
    how are you doing \for money? wie sieht es bei dir mit dem Geld aus?
    \for my part was mich betrifft
    \for all I know möglicherweise
    \for all I know, he could have left the country möglicherweise hat er schon das Land verlassen
    to be responsible \for sth für etw akk verantwortlich sein
    to prepare \for sth sich akk auf etw akk vorbereiten
    5. (comparing) für + akk
    the summer has been quite hot \for England für England war das ein ziemlich heißer Sommer
    ▪ to be too big/fast \for sb/sth zu groß/schnell für jdn/etw sein
    she's very mature \for her age sie ist für ihr Alter schon sehr reif
    the weather is warm \for the time of year für diese Jahreszeit ist das Wetter mild
    he's quite thoughtful \for a child of 8 für einen Achtjährigen ist er ziemlich rücksichtsvoll
    6. (to get, have)
    oh \for something to drink! hätte ich doch bloß etwas zu trinken!
    oh \for a strong black coffee! und jetzt einen starken schwarzen Kaffee!
    he did it \for the fame er tat es, um berühmt zu werden
    even though he's in this \for the money, we still need him auch wenn er es nur wegen des Geldes tut, wir brauchen ihn
    she's eager \for a chance to show that she's a capable worker sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist
    demand \for money Bedarf m an Geld
    to send \for the doctor den Arzt holen
    to apply \for a job sich akk um eine Stelle bewerben
    to have a need \for sth etw brauchen
    to look \for a way to do sth nach einer Möglichkeit suchen, etw zu tun
    to ask \for sth um etw akk bitten
    7. (on behalf of, representing) für + akk
    he's an agent \for models and actors er ist Agent für Models und Schauspieler
    next time you see them, say hi \for me grüß sie von mir, wenn du sie wieder siehst
    the messenger was there \for his boss der Bote war in Vertretung seines Chefs dort
    to do sth \for sb etw für jdn tun
    to do sth \for oneself etw selbst tun
    8. (as ordered by) für + akk
    ▪ to do sth \for sb/sth etw für jdn/etw tun
    they had to do extra work \for their boss sie mussten noch zusätzliche Arbeiten für ihren Chef erledigen
    I have some things to do \for school ich muss noch etwas für die Schule machen
    9. (employed by) bei + dat
    she is a tutor \for the Open University sie ist Tutorin an der Fernuniversität
    to work \for sb/sth bei jdm/etw [o für jdn/etw] arbeiten
    10. (purpose, aim) für + akk
    what's that \for? wofür ist das?
    that's useful \for removing rust damit kann man gut Rost entfernen
    that's not \for eating das ist nicht zum Essen
    a course \for beginners in Russian ein Russischkurs für Anfänger
    \for your information zu Ihrer Information
    \for the record der Ordnung halber
    the spokesman told the press \for the record that the president was in good health der Sprecher sagte der Presse für das Protokoll, der Präsident sei bei guter Gesundheit
    for rent/sale zu vermieten/verkaufen
    bikes \for rent Räder zu vermieten
    to be not \for sale unverkäuflich sein
    to wait \for sb/sth auf jdn/etw warten
    to wait \for sb to do sth darauf warten, dass jd etw tut
    ▪ to do sth \for sth/sb etw für etw/jdn tun
    what did you do that \for? wozu hast du das getan?
    what do you use these enormous scissors \for? wozu brauchst du diese riesige Schere?
    he is taking medication \for his heart condition er nimmt Medikamente für sein Herz
    you need to move closer \for me to hear you du musst ein bisschen näher herkommen, damit ich dich hören kann
    11. (because of) wegen + gen; (out of) aus + dat; (with) vor + dat
    I don't eat meat \for various reasons ich esse aus verschiedenen Gründen kein Fleisch
    I could dance and sing \for joy! ich könnte vor Freude tanzen und singen!
    he apologized \for being late er entschuldigte sich wegen seiner Verspätung
    Bob was looking all the better \for his three weeks in Spain nach seinen drei Wochen Spanien sah Bob viel besser aus
    how are you? — fine, and all the better \for seeing you! wie geht's? — gut, und jetzt wo ich dich sehe, gleich noch viel besser!
    I could not see \for the tears in my eyes ich konnte vor Tränen in den Augen gar nicht sehen
    if it hadn't been \for him, we wouldn't be here right now ( form) ohne ihn wären wir jetzt nicht hier
    \for fear of sth aus Angst vor etw dat
    \for lack of sth aus Mangel an etw dat
    to be arrested \for murder wegen Mordes verhaftet werden
    \for that [or this] reason aus diesem Grund
    to be famous \for sth für etw akk berühmt sein
    to love sb \for sth jdn für etw akk lieben
    she loves him just \for being himself sie liebt ihn einfach dafür, dass er so ist, wie er ist
    12. (as destination) nach + dat
    this train is \for Birmingham dieser Zug fährt nach Birmingham
    he made \for home in a hurry er eilte schnell nach Hause
    just follow signs \for the town centre folgen Sie einfach den Schildern in die Innenstadt
    to go \for sb [with one's fists] [mit den Fäusten] auf jdn losgehen
    to run \for sb/sth zu jdm/etw laufen
    I had to run \for the bus ich musste laufen, um den Bus noch zu kriegen
    13. (meaning)
    to be \for sth für etw akk stehen
    A is \for ‘airlines’ A steht für ‚Airlines‘
    to stand \for sth etw bedeuten, für etw akk stehen
    what does the M.J. stand \for? María José? was bedeutet M.J.? María José?
    what's the Spanish word \for ‘vegetarian’? was heißt ‚Vegetarier‘ auf Spanisch?
    14. (in return, exchange) für + akk
    she paid a high price \for loyalty to her boss sie hat einen hohen Preis für die Loyalität zu ihrem Chef gezahlt
    that's \for cheating on me! das ist dafür, dass du mich betrogen hast!
    how much did you pay \for your glasses? wie viel hast du für deine Brille gezahlt?
    a cheque \for £100 eine Scheck über 100 Pfund
    not \for a million dollars [or \for all the world] um nichts in der Welt
    I wouldn't go out with him \for a million dollars ich würde für kein Geld der Welt mit ihm ausgehen
    to do sth \for nothing etw umsonst machen
    to buy/sell sth \for 100 euro/a lot of money etw für 100 Euro/viel Geld kaufen/verkaufen
    you can buy a bestseller \for about £6 Sie bekommen einen Bestseller schon für 6 Pfund
    to trade sth \for sth etw gegen etw akk [ein]tauschen
    15. (with a period of time) für + akk; (ongoing) seit + dat
    I'm just going to sleep \for half an hour ich lege mich mal eine halbe Stunde schlafen
    he was jailed \for twelve years er musste für zwölf Jahre ins Gefängnis
    my father has been smoking \for 10 years mein Vater raucht seit 10 Jahren
    \for the next two days in den beiden nächsten Tagen
    \for a bit/while ein bisschen/eine Weile
    play here \for a while! spiel doch mal ein bisschen hier!
    I'm just going out \for a while ich gehe mal kurz raus fam
    \for eternity/ever bis in alle Ewigkeit
    this pact is \for ever dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig
    \for the moment im Augenblick
    \for a time eine Zeit lang
    \for a long time seit Langem
    I hadn't seen him \for such a long time that I didn't recognize him ich hatte ihn schon so lange nicht mehr gesehen, dass ich ihn nicht erkannte
    \for some time seit Längerem
    \for the time being für den Augenblick, vorübergehend
    16. (a distance of)
    \for a kilometre/mile einen Kilometer/eine Meile
    he always jogs \for 5 kilometres before breakfast er joggt immer 5 Kilometer vor dem Frühstück
    17. (at a certain date, time, occasion) für + akk
    he booked a table at the restaurant \for nine o'clock er reservierte in dem Restaurant einen Tisch für neun Uhr
    they set their wedding date \for September 15 sie setzten ihre Hochzeit für den 15. September fest
    I need some money \for tonight ich brauche etwas Geld für heute Abend
    what did you buy him \for Christmas? was hast du ihm zu Weihnachten gekauft?
    he arrived at 8.00 \for dinner at 8.30 er kam um acht zu dem für halb neun verabredeten Abendessen
    to invite sb \for dinner/lunch jdn zum Abendessen/Mittagessen einladen
    \for the first time zum ersten Mal
    \for the [very] last time zum [aller]letzten Mal
    \for the first/second time running im ersten/zweiten Durchlauf
    18. (despite) trotz + gen
    , ungeachtet +gen geh
    \for all that trotz alledem
    \for all his effort, the experiment was a failure das Experiment war trotz all seiner Anstrengungen ein Fehlschlag
    19. (per) für + akk
    there is one teacher \for every 25 students in our school in unserer Schule kommt auf 25 Schüler ein Lehrer
    \for every cigarette you smoke, you take off one day of your life mit jeder Zigarette, die du rauchst, verkürzt sich dein Leben um einen Tag
    to repeat sth word \for word etw Wort für Wort wiederholen
    20. (the duty of)
    ▪ to [not] be \for sb to do sth [nicht] jds Sache sein, etw zu tun
    it's not \for me to tell her what to do es ist nicht meine Aufgabe, ihr vorzuschreiben, was sie zu tun hat
    the decision is not \for him to make die Entscheidung liegt nicht bei ihm
    21. (as) für + akk
    she thought it \for a lie but didn't say anything sie hielt es für gelogen, sagte aber nichts
    I \for one am sick of this bickering ich für meinen Teil habe genug von diesem Gezänk
    22.
    ▶ \for Africa SA ( fam) Unmengen + gen
    I've got homework \for Africa ich habe noch jede Menge Hausaufgaben fam
    ▶ to be [in] \for it ( fam) Schwierigkeiten bekommen
    you're in \for it! jetzt bist du dran! fam
    ▶ \for crying out loud um Himmels willen
    ▶ an eye \for an eye Auge um Auge
    ▶ that's Jane/Mark/etc. \for you so ist Jane/Mark/etc. eben!, das sieht Jane/Mark/etc. mal wieder ähnlich!, das ist wieder mal typisch für Jane/Mark/etc.!
    that's children \for you! so sind Kinder eben!
    ▶ that's/there's sth \for you ( pej)
    there's gratitude \for you! und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! fam
    there's manners \for you! das sind [mir] ja schöne Manieren! iron fam
    * * *
    I [fɔː(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (intention) für; (purpose) zu, für; (destination) nach

    clothes for children — Kleidung f für Kinder, Kinderkleidung f

    what for? — wofür?, wozu?

    what did you do that for? —

    a room for working in/sewing — ein Zimmer zum Arbeiten/Nähen

    a bag for carrying books (in) — eine Tasche, um Bücher zu tragen

    fit for nothing —

    ready for anything —

    this will do for a hammer — das kann man als Hammer nehmen

    to leave for the USA — in die USA or nach Amerika abreisen

    he swam for the shore — er schwamm auf die Küste zu, er schwamm in Richtung Küste

    2)

    (indicating suitability) it's not for you to ask questions — Sie haben kein Recht, Fragen zu stellen

    it's not for me to say — es steht mir nicht zu, mich dazu zu äußern

    3)

    (= representing, instead of) I'll speak to her for you if you like —

    I need someone to make up my mind for me — ich brauche jemanden, der die Entscheidung für mich trifft

    she works for a bank (in the bank) — sie arbeitet bei or in einer Bank; (outside the bank) sie arbeitet für eine Bank

    4) (= in defence, in favour of) für

    I'm all for it — ich bin ganz or sehr dafür

    I'm all for helping him —

    5)

    (= with regard to) anxious for sb — um jdn besorgt

    as for him/that — was ihn/das betrifft

    warm/cold for the time of year — warm/kalt für die Jahreszeit

    6) (= because of) aus

    he did it for fear of being left — er tat es aus Angst, zurückgelassen zu werden

    he is famous for his jokes/his big nose — er ist für seine Witze bekannt/wegen seiner großen Nase berühmt

    do it for me — tu es für mich

    7) (= in spite of) trotz (+gen or (inf) +dat)

    for all that, you should have warned me — Sie hätten mich trotz allem warnen sollen

    8) (= in exchange) für

    to pay four euros for a ticket — vier Euro für eine Fahrkarte zahlen

    he'll do it for ten pounds —

    9)

    (= in contrast) for every job that is created, two are lost — für jede Stelle, die neu geschaffen wird, gehen zwei verloren

    10) (in time) seit; (with future tense) für

    I had/have known her for years — ich kannte/kenne sie schon seit Jahren

    he won't be back for a week — er wird erst in einer Woche zurück sein

    can you get it done for Monday/this time next week? — können Sie es bis or für Montag/bis in einer Woche fertig haben?

    for a while/time — (für) eine Weile/einige Zeit

    11)

    (distance) the road is lined with trees for two miles — die Straße ist auf or über zwei Meilen mit Bäumen gesäumt

    12)

    (with verbs) to pray for peace — für den or um Frieden beten

    See:
    → vbs
    13) (after n: indicating liking, aptitude etc) für

    his knack for saying the wrong thing — sein Talent, das Falsche zu sagen

    14)

    (with infin clauses) for this to be possible — damit dies möglich wird

    it's easy for him to do it — für ihn ist es leicht, das zu tun, er kann das leicht tun

    I brought it for you to see — ich habe es mitgebracht, damit Sie es sich (dat) ansehen können

    the best thing would be for you to leave — das Beste wäre, wenn Sie weggingen

    their one hope is for him to return — ihre einzige Hoffnung ist, dass er zurückkommt

    15)

    (phrases) to do sth for oneself — etw alleine tun

    2. conj
    denn
    3. adj pred
    (= in favour) dafür

    17 were for, 13 against — 17 waren dafür, 13 dagegen

    II abbr frei Bahn
    * * *
    for [fɔː(r); unbetont fə(r)]
    A präp
    1. allg für:
    it was very awkward for her es war sehr peinlich für sie, es war ihr sehr unangenehm;
    he spoilt their holidays (bes US vacation) for them er verdarb ihnen den ganzen Urlaub;
    she brought a letter for me to sign sie brachte mir einen Brief zur Unterschrift
    2. für, zugunsten von:
    a gift for him ein Geschenk für ihn;
    this letter is for me dieser Brief ist an mich;
    for and against für und wider; → academic.ru/69264/speak_for">speak for 1
    3. für, (mit der Absicht) zu, um (… willen):
    apply for the post sich um die Stellung bewerben;
    die for a cause für eine Sache sterben;
    come for dinner zum Essen kommen
    4. (Wunsch, Ziel) nach, auf (akk):
    a claim for sth ein Anspruch auf eine Sache;
    the desire for sth der Wunsch oder das Verlangen nach etwas;
    call for sb nach jemandem rufen;
    wait for sth auf etwas warten;
    oh, for a car! ach, hätte ich doch nur ein Auto!
    b) (bestimmt) für oder zu:
    tools for cutting Werkzeuge zum Schneiden, Schneidewerkzeuge;
    the right man for the job der richtige Mann für diesen Posten
    6. (Mittel) gegen:
    treat sb for cancer jemanden gegen oder auf Krebs behandeln;
    there is nothing for it but to give in es bleibt nichts (anderes) übrig, als nachzugeben
    8. (als Entgelt) für, gegen, um:
    I sold it for £10 ich verkaufte es für 10 Pfund
    9. (im Tausch) für, gegen:
    10. (Betrag, Menge) über (akk):
    a postal order for £2
    11. (Grund) aus, vor (dat), wegen:
    for this reason aus diesem Grund;
    die for grief aus oder vor Gram sterben;
    weep for joy aus oder vor Freude weinen;
    I can’t see for the fog ich kann nichts sehen wegen des Nebels oder vor lauter Nebel;
    she couldn’t speak for laughing sie konnte vor (lauter) Lachen nicht sprechen
    12. (als Strafe etc) für, wegen:
    13. dank, wegen:
    were it not for his energy wenn er nicht so energisch wäre, dank seiner Energie;
    if it wasn’t for him wenn er nicht wäre, ohne ihn; he would never have done it, if it hadn’t been for me talking him into it wenn ich ihn nicht dazu überredet hätte
    14. für, in Anbetracht (gen), im Hinblick auf (akk), im Verhältnis zu:
    he is tall for his age er ist groß für sein Alter;
    it is rather cold for July es ist ziemlich kalt für Juli;
    for a foreigner he speaks English fairly well für einen Ausländer spricht er recht gut Englisch
    15. (Begabung, Neigung) für, (Hang) zu:
    an eye for beauty Sinn für das Schöne
    16. (zeitlich) für, während, auf (akk), für die Dauer von, seit:
    for a week eine Woche (lang);
    come for a week komme auf oder für eine Woche;
    for hours stundenlang;
    for a ( oder some) time past seit längerer Zeit;
    for a long time past schon seit Langem;
    not for a long time noch lange nicht;
    the first picture for two months der erste Film in oder seit zwei Monaten;
    for months ahead auf Monate (hinaus)
    17. (Strecke) weit, lang:
    run for a mile eine Meile (weit) laufen
    18. nach, auf (akk), in Richtung auf (akk):
    the train for London der Zug nach London;
    the passengers for Rome die nach Rom reisenden Passagiere;
    start for Paris nach Paris abreisen;
    now for it! Br umg jetzt (nichts wie) los oder drauf!, jetzt gilt’s!
    19. für, anstelle von (oder gen), (an)statt:
    20. für, in Vertretung oder im Auftrag oder im Namen von (oder gen):
    act for sb in jemandes Auftrag handeln
    21. für, als:
    books for presents Bücher als Geschenk;
    they were sold for slaves sie wurden als Sklaven verkauft;
    take that for an answer nimm das als Antwort
    22. trotz (gen oder dat), ungeachtet (gen):
    for all that trotz alledem;
    for all his wealth trotz seines ganzen Reichtums, bei allem Reichtum;
    for all you may say sage, was du willst
    23. as for was … betrifft:
    as for me was mich betrifft oder an(be)langt;
    as for that matter was das betrifft;
    for all I know soviel ich weiß;
    for all of me meinetwegen, von mir aus
    24. nach adj und vor inf:
    it is too heavy for me to lift es ist so schwer, dass ich es nicht heben kann;
    it is impossible for me to come es ist mir unmöglich zu kommen, ich kann unmöglich kommen;
    it seemed useless for me to continue es erschien mir sinnlos, noch weiterzumachen
    25. mit s oder pron und inf:
    it is time for you to go home es ist Zeit, dass du heimgehst; es ist Zeit für dich heimzugehen;
    it is for you to decide die Entscheidung liegt bei Ihnen;
    a) es ist nicht deine Sache zu inf,
    b) es steht dir nicht zu inf;
    he called for the girl to bring him some tea er rief nach dem Mädchen und bat es, ihm Tee zu bringen;
    don’t wait for him to turn up yet wartet nicht darauf, dass er noch auftaucht;
    there is no need for anyone to know es braucht niemand zu wissen
    that’s a wine for you das ist vielleicht ein Weinchen, das nenne ich einen Wein
    27. US nach:
    B konj denn, weil, nämlich
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (representing, on behalf of, in exchange against) für; (in place of) für; anstelle von

    what is the German for "buzz"? — wie heißt "buzz" auf Deutsch?

    2) (in defence, support, or favour of) für

    be for doing something — dafür sein, etwas zu tun

    it's each [man] or every man for himself — jeder ist auf sich selbst gestellt

    4) (with a view to) für; (conducive[ly] to) zu

    they invited me for Christmas/Monday/supper — sie haben mich zu Weihnachten/für Montag/zum Abendessen eingeladen

    what is it for? — wofür/wozu ist das?

    6) (to obtain, win, save)

    take somebody for a ride in the car/a walk — jemanden im Auto spazieren fahren/mit jemandem einen Spaziergang machen

    run/jump etc. for it — loslaufen/-springen usw.

    7) (to reach) nach

    set out for England/the north/an island — nach England/Norden/zu einer Insel aufbrechen

    be dressed/ready for dinner — zum Dinner angezogen/fertig sein

    have something for breakfast/pudding — etwas zum Frühstück/Nachtisch haben

    enough... for — genug... für

    too... for — zu... für

    there is nothing for it but to do something — es gibt keine andere Möglichkeit, als etwas zu tun

    cheque/ bill for £5 — Scheck/Rechnung über od. in Höhe von 5 Pfund

    11) (to affect, as if affecting) für

    things don't look very promising for the business — was die Geschäfte angeht, sieht das alles nicht sehr vielversprechend aus

    it is wise/advisable for somebody to do something — es ist vernünftig/ratsam, dass jemand etwas tut

    it's hopeless for me to try and explain the system — es ist sinnlos, dir das System erklären zu wollen

    12) (as being) für

    I/you etc. for one — ich/ du usw. für mein[en]/dein[en] usw. Teil

    13) (on account of, as penalty of) wegen

    famous/well-known for something — berühmt/ bekannt wegen od. für etwas

    jump/ shout for joy — vor Freude in die Luft springen/schreien

    were it not for you/ your help, I should not be able to do it — ohne dich/deine Hilfe wäre ich nicht dazu in der Lage

    for all... — trotz...

    for all that,... — trotzdem...

    for fear of... — aus Angst vor (+ Dat.)

    but for..., except for... — wenn nicht... gewesen wäre, [dann]...

    for all I know/care... — möglicherweise/was mich betrifft,...

    for one thing,... — zunächst einmal...

    19) (during) seit

    we've/we haven't been here for three years — wir sind seit drei Jahren hier/nicht mehr hier gewesen

    we waited for hours/three hours — wir warteten stundenlang/drei Stunden lang

    sit here for now or for the moment — bleiben Sie im Augenblick hier sitzen

    walk for 20 miles/for another 20 miles — 20 Meilen [weit] gehen/weiter gehen

    21)

    be for it — (coll.) dran sein (ugs.); sich auf was gefasst machen können (ugs.)

    2. conjunction
    (since, as proof) denn
    * * *
    conj.
    als konj.
    denn konj.
    für konj.
    nach konj.
    zu konj.

    English-german dictionary > for

  • 4 set

    1. I
    1) the sun is setting солнце садится /заходит/
    2) his power has begun to set его могущество /власть/ слабеет; his star has set его звезда закатилась; his glory has set его слава померкла
    3) cement has set цемент схватился /затвердел/; the glue did not set клей не засох; the jelly has set желе застыло; blood (the white of the egg, etc.) set кровь и т.д. свернулась; the milk set молоко свернулось /створожилось/; all his muscles set все его мускулы напряглись; his face set его лицо-окаменело /застыло/
    4) young trees set молодые деревца принялись; the blossoms were abundant but they failed to set цветение было бурным, но плоды не завязались
    2. II
    1) set at some time the sun sets early (late, etc.) солнце заходит рано и т.д.; set in some manner the sun sets slowly солнце медленно садится
    3) set at some time the jelly hasn't set yet желе еще не застыло; set in some manner cement (mortar, glue, etc.) sets quickly цемент и т.д. быстро застывает /схватывается/; her hair sets easily ее волосы легко укладывать, у нее послушные волосы; his lips set stubbornly его губы упрямо сжались; his teeth set stubbornly он упрямо стиснул зубы
    3. III
    1) set smth. set a broken bone (dislocated joints, etc.) вправить кость и т.д.; set one's hair укладывать волосы; set the table накрывать на стол; set the stage расставлять декорации; set the scene подготовить обстановку; set the sails а) ставить паруса; б) отправляться в плавание; set a piano настраивать пианино; set a palette подготавливать палитру; set a razor править бритву; set a saw разводить пилу; set a clock (the hands of the watch, the alarm-clock) поставить часы; set the focus of a microscope настроить микроскоп; set a map ориентировать карту
    2) set smb., smth. set guards /sentries, watches/ расставлять часовых /караульных и т.п./; set the guard (the pickets) выставлять караул (пикеты)
    3) set smth. set the wedding day (the time, a date, a price, etc.) назначать день свадьбы и т.д.; set a fine устанавливать размер штрафа; set the course разработать /выработать/ курс; set standards (limits, a time-limit, boundaries, etc.) устанавливать нормы и т.д.; set requirements определять / вырабатывать/ требования; set a punishment наложить взыскание
    4) set smth. set an examination-paper (questions, problems, etc.) составлять письменную экзаменационную работу и т.д.; set a new style (a tone) задавать новый стиль (тон); set the fashion вводить моду; set a new model (a pattern) внедрять новый образец (покрой); set the расе задавать темп; set a record устанавливать рекорд; set a precedent создавать прецедент; set a good (bad) example подавать хороший (дурной) пример
    5) set smth. set a trap (a snare) поставить капкан (силки); set an ambush устроить засаду
    4. IV
    1) set smth. somewhere set the books back положить /поставить/ книги на место; set the chairs back отодвигать стулья; set back one's shoulders расправить плечи; the dog set its ears back собака прижала уши; set the clock (one's watch, the alarm, the hand of the watch, etc.) back one hour перевести часы /отвести часы/ на один час назад; set one's watch forward one hour поставить /перевести/ часы на один час вперед; set a house well (some distance /some way/, a fair distance, etc.) back from the road (from the street, etc.) построить /поставить/ дом вдали и т.д. от дороги и т.д.; set the book (one's knitting, the newspaper, etc.) aside отложить в сторону /отодвинуть/ книгу и т.A; set down one's load (one's suitcase, a box, etc.) опустить свой груз и т.д. (на землю)-, set the tray down поставить (на стол и т.я.) поднос; set the chair upright поднять стул; set smb. somewhere set the dogs apart растащить [дерущихся] собак; set the children apart отделять /изолировать/ детей
    2) set smb., smth. in some direction the current set them (the boat, the ship, etc.) northward (seawards, etc.) течением их и т.д. понесло к северу и т.д.
    5. V
    set smb. smth.
    1) set the boys (the students, the employees, etc.) a difficult job (an easy task, a difficult problem, the job of cleaning the yard, etc.) (заплавать мальчикам и т.д. трудную работу и т.д., set oneself a difficult task ставить перед бабой трудную задачу; set him a sum задавать ему арифметическую задачу; set one's son a goal поставить перед своим сыном цель
    2) set the children (the younger boys, youngsters, other people, etc.) a good example подавать детям и т.д. хороший пример; set smb. smth. to do smth. set smb. a standard /a pattern/ to follow служить для кого-л. образцом, которому надо следовать
    6. VI
    set smth., smb. in some state
    1) set the window (the door, the gates, etc.) open открывать /оставлять открытым/ окно и т.д.; set the door ajar приоткрывать дверь, оставить дверь полуоткрытой; set one's hat (one's tie, one's skirt, etc.) straight поправить шляпу и т.д., надеть шляпу и т.д. как следует; set the prisoners (the bird, etc.) free освобождать /выпускать на свободу, на волю/ узников и т.д.; set the dog loose спускать собаку (с цепи, с поводка и т.п.); a good night's rest will set you right за ночь вы отдохнете и снова будете хорошо себя чувствовать; why didn't you set the boy right? почему же вы не поправили мальчика?; I can soon set that right я могу это быстро уладить или исправить; set errors right исправлять ошибки; it would set him (myself) right in their eyes это оправдает его (меня) в их глазах; set things /matters/ straight /right/ уладить дела; set things ready приводить все в готовность; set smb.'s curiosity agog возбуждать чье-л. любопытство
    7. VII
    1) set smb. to do smth. set the men to chop wood (the men to saw wood, the boys to dig a field, the pupils to work at their algebra, the girl to shell peas, the pupils to sing, etc.) заставлять рабочих колоть дрова и т.д.; I set him to work at mowing the lawn я велел ему /дал ему задание/ постричь газон; я вменил ему в обязанность подстригать газон; whom did you set to do this? кому вы поручили это сделать?; I set myself to study the problem я решил взяться за изучение этого вопроса; he set himself to finish the job by the end of May он твердо решил /поставил себе целью/ закончить работу к концу мая
    2) set smth. to do smth. set a machine (a device, a mechanism, etc.) to work приводить в действие /завалять. запускать/ машину и т.д.; set the alarm clock to wake us at seven заводить будильник, чтобы он поднял нас в семь часов, поставить будильник на семь часов
    3) set smth. to do smth. set a pattern to be followed подавать пример; создавать пример для подражания
    8. VIII
    set smb., smth. doing smth. set everybody (the company, people, me, etc.) thinking (singing, running, etc.) заставить всех и т.д. (при)задуматься и т.д.; set smb. talking а) заставить кого-л. говорить, разговорить кого-л.; I set him talking about the new invention (about the discovery, about marriage, etc.) я навел его на разговор о новом изобретении и т.д.; б) дать кому-л. пищу для разговоров; this incident set people talking этот случай /инцидент/ вызвал всякие пересуды; my jokes set the whole table (the company, the audience, the boys, etc.) laughing мой шутки смешили всех за столом и т.д.; set them wondering вызвать у них удивление; the smoke set her coughing от дыма она закашлялась; who has set the dog barking? кто там прошел?, почему лает собака?; set tongues wagging вызывать толки /пересуды/, давать пищу для сплетен; the news set my heart beating эта новость заставила мое сердце забиться; it's time we set the machinery (the machine, the engine, etc.) going пора запустить механизм и т.д. /привести механизм и т.д. в действие/; when anybody entered the device set the bell ringing когда кто-нибудь входил, срабатывало устройство и звонок начинал звонить; а strong wind set the bells ringing от сильного ветра колокола зазвонили; set a top spinning запускать волчок; а false step will set stones rolling один неверный шаг set и камни покатятся вниз; set a plan going начать осуществление плана; we must set things going надо начинать действовать
    9. XI
    1) be set in (near, round, on, etc.) smth. her house is set well back in the garden (near the road, some way back from the street, on a hill, etc.) ее дом стоит а глубине сада и т.д.; а town (a country-seat, a village, etc.) is set in a woodland (on an island, north of /from/ London, etc.) город и т.д. расположен в лесистой местности и т.д.; а boundary stone is set between two fields поля разделяет межевой камень; а balcony is set round the house вокруг дома идет балкон; the second act (the scene, the play, etc.) is set in ancient Rome (in a street, in Paris, etc.) действие второго акта и т.д. происходит в древнем Риме и т.д.; а screen is set in a wall экран вделан /вмонтирован/ в стену; there was a little door set in a wall в стене была маленькая дверка; а ruby (a diamond, etc.) was set in a buckle (in a gold ring, in an earring, etc.) в пряжку и т.д. был вделан /вставлен/ рубин и т.д.; а ruby is set in gold рубин в золотой оправе /оправлен золотом/; his blue eyes are set deep in a white face на его бледном лице глубоко посажены голубые глаза; the young plants should be set at intervals of six inches эти молодые растения надо сажать на расстоянии шести дюймов [друг от друга]; be set with smth. the coast is set with modem resorts на побережье раскинулось множество современных курортов; the tops of the wall were set with broken glass верхний край стены был утыкан битым стеклом; the room is set with tables and chairs комната заставлена столами и стульями; tables were set with little sprays of blue flowers столы были украшены маленькими букетиками синих цветов: the field was set with daisies поле было усеяно маргаритками; the sky was set with stars небо было усыпано звездами; а bracelet (a ring, a crown, a sword-handle, a valuable ornament, etc.) was set with diamonds (with jewels, with gems, with rubies, with pearls, with precious stones, etc.) браслет и т.д. был украшен /усыпан/ бриллиантами и т.д.; а gold ring set with two fine pearls золотое кольцо с двумя большими жемчужинами
    3) be set on smth., smb. he (his mind, his heart) was set on it ему этого очень хотелось; his heart was set on her a) он любил лишь ее; б) все его помыслы были связаны с ней; be set on doing smth. be set on going to the stage (on coming here again, etc.) твердо решить пойти на сцену и т.д.; be set on going to the sea окончательно решить стать моряком; be set on having a motor bike (on winning, on finding him, etc.) поставить своей целью приобрести мотоцикл и т.д.; be set against smth.,smb. he is set against all reforms (against having electric light in the house, against this marriage, against the trip, etc.) он решительно [настроен] против всяких реформ и т.д.; he is set against her он и слышать о ней не хочет; be set against doing smth. he was violently set against meeting her он упорно отказывался встретиться /от встречи/ с ней /противился встрече с ней/
    4) be set on by smb. she was set on by robbers (by a lot of roughs in the dark, by a dog, etc.) на нее напали грабители и т.д.
    5) be set the table is set стол накрыт; the sails are set паруса подняты; be set for smb., smth. the table is set for six стол накрыт на шесть человек /персон/; the table is set for dinner (for lunch, etc.) стол накрыт к обеду и т.д.; be set in some state slaves (prisoners, hostages, etc.) were set free /at liberty/ рабы и т.д. были освобождены /отпущены на волю/; this must be set in order a) это надо привести в порядок; б) это надо разместить /разложить/ по порядку; the motor was set in motion включили мотор
    6) be set at some time the mortar is already set цемент уже схватился /затвердел/; the jelly is not set yet желе еще не застыло; has the type for the book been set yet? эту книгу уже набрали?; it was all set now теперь все было готово /подготовлено/; be set in some manner his lips (his jaws, his teeth) were firmly set in an effort to control himself он плотно сжал губы (челюсти, зубы), пытаясь овладеть собой; his mind and character are completely set он вполне сформировался /сложился/ как личность; be set to do smth. be set to go there быть готовым пойти туда; two pumps (machines, wheels, etc.) were set to work два насоса и т.д. были включены /приведены в действие/; be set for smth. be set for the talk (for the meeting, for the game, for the journey, etc.) быть готовым к разговору и т.д.; the scene is set for the tragedy (for the drama, for the climax, etc.) события (в книге, в пьесе и т.п.) подводят /подготавливают/ (читателя, зрителя и т.п.) к трагедии и т.д.; he was all set for a brilliant career у него были все задатки для блестящей карьеры
    7) be set over smb. he was set over people ему была дана власть над людьми; he was set over his rivals его ставили выше его соперников
    8) be set against smth. one's expenses must be set against the amount received расходы следует соразмерить с доходами; the advantages must be set against the disadvantages надо учесть все плюсы и минусы; against these gains must be set the loss of prestige оценивая эти выгоды, нельзя забывать об ущербе в связи с потерей престижа; it's no good when theory is set against practice плохо, когда теорию противопоставляют практике; when one language is set against another... когда один язык сравнивают /сопоставляют/ с другим...
    9) be set for some time the examination (the voting, his departure, etc.) is set for today (for May 2, etc.) экзамен и т.д. назначен на сегодня и т.д., the party is all set for Monday at my place решено вечеринку провести в понедельник у меня; the time and date of the meeting have not yet been set дата и время собрания еще не установлены; be set by smth., smb. rules (standards, terms, fees, etc.) are set by a committee (by the law, by the headmaster, etc.) правила и т.д. устанавливаются комиссией и т.д.
    10) be set the list of questions is set список вопросов /вопросник/ составлен; be set for smth. what subjects have been set for the examination next year? какие предметы включены в экзамен на будущий год? || be set to music быть положенным на музыку
    11) be set in smth. the editorial was set in boldface type передовая была набрана жирным шрифтом
    10. XII
    have smth. set we have everything set у нас все готово /подготовлено/; the ship has her sails set корабль поднял паруса; have a place set for a guest поставить прибор для гостя
    11. XIII
    set to do smth. set to dig the garden (to write letters, etc.) начать вскапывать сад и т.д.; the engineers set to repair the bridge инженеры приступили к ремонту моста
    12. XVI
    1) set behind (in, on, etc.) smth. the sun sets behind the western range of mountains солнце садится за горной грядой на западе; the sun sets in the sea солнце садится в море; the sun never sets on our country над нашей страной никогда не заходит солнце; set at (in) smth. the sun sets at five o'clock (in the evening, etc.) солнце заходит в пять часов и т.д.
    2) set against (to, from, etc.) smth. set against the wind (against the current) двигаться, направляться (идти, плыть и т.п.) против ветра (против течения); set against the tide идти против прилива; the wind sets from the south (from the west, from the north-east, etc.) ветер дует с юга и т.д.: the current sets to the west (to the south, through the channel, through the straits, etc.) течение идет на запад и т.д.; the tide has set in his favour ему начинает везти
    3) set against (with) smth., smb. public opinion is setting against this proposal (against this plan, against his visit, against him, etc.) общественное мнение складывается не в пользу этого предложения и т.д.; circumstances were setting with our plan (with him, etc.) обстоятельства складывались благоприятно для осуществления нашего плана и т.д.
    4) set about (upon, on, to) smth. set about the study of mineralogy (about the composition, about it, about one's washing, about one's work, etc.) приниматься /браться/ за изучение минералогии и т.д.; I don't know how to set about this job не знаю, как приступить /как подступиться/ к этой работе; they set upon the task unwillingly они неохотно взялись за выполнение этой задачи; set to work in earnest, set seriously to work серьезно браться за работу; set to work on the problem приняться за работу над этой проблемой; set to work on one's studies начать заниматься, приняться за учение
    5) set up (on) smb. set upon the enemy атаковать противника; а gang of ruffians set on him на него напала шайка хулиганов; they set upon him with blows они набросились на него с кулаками; they set upon us with arguments они обрушились на нас со своими доводами; set about /at/ smb. coll. set about the boys (about the stranger, about the supporters of the other team, at the bully, etc.) набрасываться /налетать, наскакивать/ на мальчишек и т.д.; they set about each other at once они сразу же сцепились друг с другом /начали колошматить друг друга/; I'd set about you myself if I could я бы сам отколотил тебя, если бы мог; I'd set about him with a stick (with the butt of the spade, etc.) if we have any trouble если что [не так], я стукну его палкой и т.д.
    6) set in smth. cement soon sets in dry weather (in the cold, in the sun, etc.) в сухую погоду /когда сухо,/ и т.д. цемент быстро затвердевает /застывает/
    13. XVII
    set about (to) doing smth. set about getting dinner ready (about tidying up the room, about doing one's lessons, about stamp-collecting, late.) приниматься за обед /за приготовление обеда/ и т.д.; I must. set about my packing мне надо [начать] укладываться; he asked me how lie should set about learning German он спросил меня, с чего ему начать изучение немецкого языка; set to arguing (to fighting, to quarrelling. etc.) начинать /приниматься/ спорить и т.д.; they set to packing они стали упаковываться
    14. XXI1
    1) set smth., smb. on (at, against, in, before, for, etc.) smth., smb. set dishes (a lamp, one's glass, etc.) on the table поставить тарелки и т.д. на стол; set a place for the guest поставить прибор для гостя; set food and drink (wine and nuts, meat, a dish, etc.) before guests (before travellers, etc.) поставить еду и напитки и т.д. перед гостями и т.д.; set a table by the window (an armchair before a desk, a floor-lamp beside an armchair, etc.) поставить стол у окна и т.д.; set chairs around (at) a table расставлять стулья вокруг (у) стола; set a ladder (a bicycle, a stick, etc.) against a wall прислонить /приставить/ лестницу и т.д. к стене; set one's hand on smb.'s shoulder положить руку кому-л. на плечо; set a hand against the door опереться рукой о дверь; set smb. on his feet поставить кого-л. на ноги
    2) set smth., smb. in (by, on, upon, etc.) smth. set things in their place again вернуть /положить/ вещи на место; set flowers in the water (in a vase, etc.) поставить цветы в воду и т.д.; set glass in a window вставлять стекло в окно; set lamps in 'walls вделывать светильники в стены; set one's foot in the stirrup вставить ногу в стремя; set the stake in the ground вкопать столб в землю; set a pearl (a jewel, a diamond, etc.) in gold оправлять жемчужину и т.д. в золото; set smb. by the fire усадить кого-л. у огня: set a child in a high chair посадить ребенка ка высокий стул; set smb. in the dock посадить кого-л. на скамью подсудимых; set a wheel on an axle насадить колесо на ось: set a hen on eggs, set eggs under a hen посадить курицу на яйца; set a boy on horseback подсадить мальчика на лошадь; set smb. on the pedestal поставить /возвести/ кого-л. на пьедестал; set troops on shore высадить войска [на берег]; set one's foot oil a step поставить ногу на ступеньку; set foot on shore ступить на берег; I'll never set foot on your threshold я никогда не переступлю порог вашего дома; set a crown on his head возложить на него корону; set a king on the throne посадить короля на трон; set a kiss upon smb.'s hand приложиться к чьей-л. руке; set smth. with smth. set the top of the wall with broken glass утыкать верхнюю часть стены битым стеклом; set this bed with tulips (with geraniums, etc.) засадить эту клумбу тюльпанами и т.д. || set eyes on smb., smth. увидеть кого-л что-л., I never set eyes on him before today до сегодняшнего дня я его в глаза не видел; that child wants everything he sets his eyes on этому ребенку вынь, да положь все, что он видит
    3) set smth. to smth. set a glass (a trumpet, etc.) to one's lips, set one's lips to a glass (to a trumpet, etc.) подносить стакан и т.д. к губам /ко рту/; set a match (a lighter) to a cigarette (to old papers, to a fire, etc.) подносить спичку (зажигалку) к сигарете и т.д.; set one's shoulder to the door налечь плечом на дверь; set spurs to a horse пришпорить лошадь
    4) set smb. across smth. set him across the river переправлять его через реку /на другой берег/; set a child across the street перевести ребенка на другую сторону улицы /через улицу/; set smth. by smth. set a ship by the compass вести корабль по компасу; set smth. against (to ward(s), to) smth. set the boat against the wind (against the current) направлять лодку против ветра и т.д.; set one's course to the south направляться на юг; set one's face toward the east (toward home, towards the sun, etc.) повернуться лицом к востоку и т.д.; set smb. after (at, on, etc.) smb., smth. set the police (detectives, etc.) after /on the track of/ the criminal (on her, after the spies, etc.) направлять полицию и т.д. по следу преступника и т.д.; set the boys on the wrong (right) track направлять мальчишек по ложному (по правильному) следу; set a dog at a hare (at a fox, at a bull, at his heels, etc.) пустить собаку по следу зайца и т.д.; set dogs on a stranger (on a trespasser, on thieves, etc.) спустить собак на незнакомца и т.д. || set sail for India отплывать /направляться/ в Индию
    5) set smb. against (on, to, etc.) smb., smth. set people against each other (a friend against another, everyone against him, etc.) настраивать людей друг против друга и т.д.; he is trying to set you against me он старается восстановить вас против меня; set oneself against the proposal (against the scheme, against the decision, against his nomination, against him, etc.) был настроенным /выступать/ против этого предложения и т.д.; set the crowd on acts of violence (the crew to mutiny, soldiers to violence, people to robbery, etc.) подстрекать толпу на совершение актов насилия /к насилию/ и т.д.; set smth. against smth. set one thing against another противопоставлять одно другому; set one language against another сопоставлять /сравнивать/ один язык с другим; set smth. on smth. set one's heart /one's mind/ on the trip твердо настроиться на эту поездку; set one's heart on a new dress (on a new car, etc.) жаждать /очень хотеть/ купить новое платье и т.д.; he set his thoughts on the plan все его помыслы направлены на осуществление этого плана || set him at odds with his friends рассорить его с друзьями
    6) set smb., smth. to smth. set the class (the boys, him, etc.) to work (to a task, to sums, to dictation, etc.) засадить класс и т.д. за работу и т.д.; set one's mind /one's wits/ to a question (to a task, to a job, etc.) сосредоточиться на каком-л. вопросе и т.д.; you won't find the work difficult if only you set your mind to it если вы серьезно возьметесь за дело, работа не покажется вам трудной; set one's hand to the work (to the task, to the plough, etc.) взяться за работу и т.д.; he set himself resolutely to the task он решительно взялся за выполнение задачи; set а реп to' paper начать писать, взяться за перо; set smth. before smb. set a task (an object) before him поставить перед ним задачу
    7) set smth., smb. т (on, at, to) smth. set one's affairs (one's papers, one's house, a room, etc.) in order /to rights/ приводить свои дела и т.д. в порядок; set a machine in motion запустить машину; set the project in motion начинать работу над объектом; set the machinery of the government in motion приводить государственную машину в движение; set a chain reaction in motion вызвать цепную реакцию; his jokes set the audience (the table, the whole room, etc.) in a roar от его шуток вся аудитория и т.д. покатывалась со смеху; set smb. on his guard настораживать кого-л.; set smb. (smb.'s guests, the boy, smb.'s mind, etc.) at ease успокаивать кого-л. и т.д.; he set the girl at ease с ним девушке стало легко /девушка почувствовала себя свободно/; а host should try and set his guests at ease хозяин должен стараться, чтобы его гости чувствовали себя свободно /как дома/: now you may set your mind at ease теперь вы можете перестать волноваться /не волноваться/; set a question (the affair, the matter, etc.) at rest разрешить /урегулировать/ вопрос и т.д.; that sets all my doubts at rest это рассеивает все мои сомнения; set prisoners at liberty освобождать заключенных
    8) set smth. for smth. set the table for dinner (for five people, for two, etc.) накрыть стол к обеду и т.д.; set the stage for the next scene in a play подготовить сцену для следующей картины [в пьесе]; set the scene for talks подготовить условия /создать благоприятную обстановку/ для переговоров; set smth. by smth. set one's watch by the radio timesignal (by the town clock, by the clock in the library, by mine, etc.) ставить /сверять/ часы по радиосигналу и т.д.; set smth. to (for, at) smth. set the clock (the hands of the clock) to the correct time (to the proper hour of the day, etc.) точно поставить часы и т.д.; set the alarm for 5 o'clock (the camera lens to infinity, a thermostat at 70°, etc.) поставить будильник на пять часов и т.д.
    9) set smb., smth. at (in, он, etc.) smth. set a guard (a sentry, etc.) at the door (at the gate, at the corner of the street, in the nearest village, on the hill, etc.) поставить сторожа /часового/ и т.д. у дверей и т.д.; set pickets around the camp выставлять дозорных вокруг лагеря
    10) set smb., smth. over (before, among, etc.) smb., smth. set him over others (a supervisor over the new workers, etc.) назначать его начальником над остальными и т.д.; set Vergil before Homer отдавать предпочтение Вергилию перед Гомером, ставить Вергилия выше Гомера; set the author among the greatest writers of today (the painter among the best artists of the world, the team among the strongest teams of Europe, etc.) считать автора одним из крупнейших писателей современности и т.д.; set duty before pleasure ставить долг выше удовольствий /на первое место/; set honesty above everything (diamonds above rubies, etc.) ценить честность превыше всего и т.д., his intelligence (his talent, his character, etc.) sets him apart from others (from ordinary people, from the normal run of people, etc.) его ум и т.д. выделяют его среди других и т.д.; her bright red hair sets her apart from her sisters из всех сестер у нее одной были ярко-рыжие волосы
    11) set smth. at smth. set the price (the value of the canvas, etc.) at t 1000 оценить / назначить, определить цену/ и т.д. в тысячу фунтов; set bail at i 500 установить сумму залога в пятьсот фунтов; set neatness at a high value очень ценить аккуратность, придавать большое значение опрятности; set smth. for smth. set a time for a meeting назначать время собрания; set the rules for a contest вырабатывать правила состязания; set the lesson for tomorrow задавать урок на завтра; set smth. to /for /smth. set limits to smb.'s power (to his extravagance, to his demands, etc.) ограничивать чью-л. власть и т.д., устанавливать предел чьей-л. власти и т.д.; he sets no limit to his ambition его честолюбие не знает предела; set a time-limit for examination установить продолжительность экзамена; set a time-limit for debates установить регламент для выступления в прениях; set a record for the mile устанавливать рекорд в беге на одну милю; set an end to it положить этому конец; set smth. on smth., smb. set a high value on life (on punctuality, etc.) высоко ценить жизнь и т.д.; set a punishment on smb. налагать наказание на кого-л., определять кому-л. меру наказания; set a price on smb.'s head /on smb.'s life/ назначить награду за чью-л. голову /за чью-л. жизнь/; set smth. at some time set the death of the man at midnight установить, что смерть этого человека наступила в полночь || set much store by smth. придавать большее значение чему-л.; set much store by social position (by daily exercise, by what the neighbours say, by the opinion of people like him, etc.) придавать большое значение общественному положению и т.д.
    12) set smth. for (in, to, etc.) smth. set papers for the examination составлять экзаменационные работы; set new questions (problems, etc.) in an examination подготовить новые вопросы и т.д. для экзамена; set the words (this poem, etc.) to music положить эти слова и т.д. на музыку; set new words to an old tune сочинить новые слова на старый мотив; set Othello to music а) написать музыку к "Отелло"; б) написать /сочинить/ оперу "Отелло"; set a piece of music for the violin переложить музыкальное произведение для скрипки
    13) set smth. before smb. set a plan (facts, one's theory, one's proposals, etc.) before the council (before the chief, before experts, etc.) изложить совету /представить на рассмотрение совета/ и т.д. план и т.д.
    14) set smth. to smth. set one's name /one's signature, one's hand/ to a document подписать документ; set a seal to the decree скрепить указ печатью; set smth. on smth. set a veto on smth. накладывать запрет на что-л.
    15) set smth. on (in) smth., smb. set one's life on a chance рисковать жизнью в надежде на удачу; set one's future on a chance строить планы на будущее в расчете на счастливое стечение обстоятельств; set hopes on a chance (on him, on his uncle, etc.) надеяться /возлагать надежды/ на случай и т.д.
    16) set smth. for smb. set a snare for a fox поставить капкан на лису; set poison for rats разложить отраву для крыс
    17) set smth. for smth. set milk for cheese ставить молоко на творог, створаживать молоко
    18) || set fire to a house (to a barn, etc.) поджигать дом и т.д.; set the woods (a woodpile, etc.) on fire поджигать лес и т.д.
    15. XXII
    1) set smth. on doing smth. set one's heart /one's hopes, one's mind, one's thoughts/ on becoming an engineer (on going with us, on going abroad, etc.) очень хотеть /стремиться/ стать инженером и т.д.; I set my heart on going today я решил ехать сегодня; he sets his hopes on getting on in life он очень надеется преуспеть в жизни /добиться в жизни успеха/; if he once sets his mind on doing something it takes a lot to dissuade him если он настроился на что-либо, его очень трудно отговорить
    2) set smb. to doing smth. set him to woodchopping поставить его на колку дров, заставить его колоть дрова; set her to thinking заставить ее задуматься; set a child to crying довести ребенка до слез; he set himself to amusing me он изо всех сил старался развлечь меня
    16. XXIV1
    set smth. as smth. set education (money, revenge, etc.) as one's goal /as one's aim, as one's object, as one's purpose, as one's task/ поставить себе целью получить образование в т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > set

  • 5 take

    1.
    [teɪk]transitive verb, took [tʊk], taken ['teɪkn]
    1) (get hold of, grasp, seize) nehmen

    take somebody's arm — jmds. Arm nehmen

    take somebody by the hand/arm — jemanden bei der Hand/am Arm nehmen

    2) (capture) einnehmen [Stadt, Festung]; machen [Gefangenen]; (chess) schlagen; nehmen
    3) (gain, earn) [Laden:] einbringen; [Film, Stück:] einspielen; (win) gewinnen [Satz, Spiel, Preis, Titel]; erzielen [Punkte]; (Cards) machen [Stich]

    take first/second etc. place — den ersten/zweiten usw. Platz belegen; (fig.) an erster/zweiter usw. Stelle kommen

    take the biscuit (Brit. coll.) or (coll.) cake — (fig.) alle/alles übertreffen

    4) (assume possession of) nehmen; (take away with one) mitnehmen; (steal) mitnehmen (verhüll.); (obtain by purchase) kaufen, (by rent) mieten [Auto, Wohnung, Haus]; nehmen [Klavier-, Deutsch-, Fahrstunden]; mitmachen [Tanzkurs]; (buy regularly) nehmen; lesen [Zeitung, Zeitschrift]; (subscribe to) beziehen; (obtain) erwerben [akademischen Grad]; (form a relationship with) sich (Dat.) nehmen [Frau, Geliebten usw.]

    that woman took my purse — die Frau hat mir meinen Geldbeutel gestohlen

    he took his degree at Sussex University — er hat sein Examen an der Universität von Sussex gemacht

    take place — stattfinden; (spontaneously) sich ereignen; [Wandlung:] sich vollziehen

    I'll take this handbag/the curry, please — ich nehme diese Handtasche/das Curry

    5) (avail oneself of, use) nehmen; machen [Pause, Ferien, Nickerchen]; nehmen [Beispiel, Zitat usw.] ( from aus)

    take the opportunity to do/of doing something — die Gelegenheit dazu benutzen, etwas zu tun

    take the car/bus into town — mit dem Auto/Bus in die Stadt fahren

    take two eggs — etc. (in recipe) man nehme zwei Eier usw.

    [let's] take a more recent example/my sister [for example] — nehmen wir ein Beispiel neueren Datums/einmal meine Schwester

    6) (carry, guide, convey) bringen

    take somebody's shoes to the mender['s]/somebody's coat to the cleaner's — jmds. Schuhe zum Schuster/jmds. Mantel in die Reinigung bringen

    take somebody to school/hospital — jemanden zur Schule/ins Krankenhaus bringen

    take somebody to the zoo/cinema/to dinner — mit jemandem in den Zoo/ins Kino/zum Abendessen gehen

    take somebody into one's home/house — jemanden bei sich aufnehmen

    the road takes you/the story takes us to London — die Straße führt nach/die Erzählung führt uns nach London

    his ability will take him far/to the top — mit seinen Fähigkeiten wird er es weit bringen/wird er ganz nach oben kommen

    take somebody/something with one — jemanden/etwas mitnehmen

    take home — mit nach Hause nehmen; (earn) nach Hause bringen [Geld]; (accompany) nach Hause bringen od. begleiten; (to meet one's parents etc.) mit nach Hause bringen

    take somebody through/over something — (fig.) mit jemandem etwas durchgehen

    take in hand — (begin) in Angriff nehmen; (assume responsibility for) sich kümmern um

    take somebody into partnership [with one]/into the business — jemanden zu seinem Teilhaber machen/in sein Geschäft aufnehmen

    take a stick etc. to somebody — den Stock usw. bei jemandem gebrauchen

    take something to pieces or bits — etwas auseinander nehmen

    you can/can't take somebody anywhere — (fig. coll.) man kann jemanden überallhin/nirgendwohin mitnehmen

    you can't take it 'with you — (coll.) man kann es ja nicht mitnehmen

    7) (remove) nehmen; (deduct) abziehen

    take something/somebody from somebody — jemandem etwas/jemanden wegnehmen

    take all the fun/hard work out of something — einem alle Freude an etwas (Dat.) nehmen/einem die schwere Arbeit bei etwas ersparen

    8)

    somebody takes courage from something — etwas macht jemandem Mut; see also academic.ru/34054/heart">heart 1)

    9)

    be taken ill or (coll.) sick — krank werden

    10) (make) machen [Foto, Kopie]; (photograph) aufnehmen
    11) (perform, execute) aufnehmen [Brief, Diktat]; machen [Prüfung, Sprung, Spaziergang, Reise, Umfrage]; durchführen [Befragung, Volkszählung]; ablegen [Gelübde, Eid]; übernehmen [Rolle, Part]; treffen [Entscheidung]

    take a fall/tumble — stürzen/straucheln

    take a step forward/backward — einen Schritt vor-/zurücktreten

    take a turn for the better/worse — eine Wende zum Besseren/Schlechteren nehmen

    12) (negotiate) nehmen [Zaun, Mauer, Hürde, Kurve, Hindernis]
    13) (conduct) halten [Gottesdienst, Andacht, Unterricht]
    14) (be taught)
    15) (consume) trinken [Tee, Kaffee, Kognak usw.]; nehmen [Zucker, Milch, Überdosis, Tabletten, Medizin]

    what can I take for a cold? — was kann ich gegen eine Erkältung nehmen?

    not to be taken [internally] — nicht zur innerlichen Anwendung

    16) (occupy) einnehmen [Sitz im Parlament]; übernehmen, antreten [Amt]

    take somebody's seat — sich auf jmds. Platz setzen

    is that/this seat taken? — ist da/hier noch frei?

    17) (need, require) brauchen [Platz, Zeit]; haben [Kleider-, Schuhgröße usw.]; (Ling.) haben [Objekt, Plural-s]; gebraucht werden mit [Kasus]

    this verb takes "sein" — dieses Verb wird mit "sein" konjugiert

    the wound will take some time to heal — es braucht einige Zeit, bis die Wunde geheilt ist

    as long as it takes — so lange wie nötig

    something takes an hour/a year/all day — etwas dauert eine Stunde/ein Jahr/einen ganzen Tag

    it takes an hour etc. to do something — es dauert eine Stunde usw., [um] etwas zu tun

    somebody takes or it takes somebody a long time/an hour etc. to do something — jmd. braucht lange/eine Stunde usw., um etwas zu tun

    what took you so long? — was hast du denn so lange gemacht?

    take a lot of work/effort/courage — viel Arbeit/Mühe/Mut kosten

    have [got] what it takes — das Zeug dazu haben

    it will take [quite] a lot of explaining — es wird schwer zu erklären sein

    that story of his takes some believing — die Geschichte, die er da erzählt, ist kaum zu glauben

    it takes a thief to know a thief — nur ein Dieb kennt einen Dieb

    it takes all sorts [to make a world] — es gibt solche und solche

    18) (contain, hold) fassen; (support) tragen
    19) (ascertain and record) notieren [Namen, Adresse, Autonummer usw.]; fühlen [Puls]; messen [Temperatur, Größe usw.]

    take the minutes of a meeting — bei einer Sitzung [das] Protokoll führen

    take somebody's meaning/drift — verstehen, was jmd. meint

    take somebody's point — jmds. Standpunkt verstehen

    take it [that]... — annehmen, [dass]...

    can I take it that...? — kann ich davon ausgehen, dass...?

    take something to mean something — etwas so verstehen, dass...

    take something as settled/as a compliment/refusal — etwas als erledigt betrachten/als eine Ablehnung/ein Kompliment auffassen

    take somebody/something for/to be something — jemanden/etwas für etwas halten

    21) (treat or react to in a specified manner) aufnehmen

    take something well/badly/hard — etwas gut/schlecht/nur schwer verkraften

    somebody takes something very badly/hard — etwas trifft jemanden sehr

    take something calmly or coolly — etwas gelassen [auf- od. hin]nehmen

    you can/may take it as read that... — du kannst sicher sein, dass...

    taking it all in all, taking one thing with another — alles in allem

    22) (accept) annehmen

    take money etc. [from somebody/for something] — Geld usw. [von jemandem/für etwas] [an]nehmen

    will you take £500 for the car? — wollen Sie den Wagen für 500 Pfund verkaufen?

    [you can] take it or leave it — entweder du bist damit einverstanden, oder du lässt es bleiben

    take somebody's word for it — sich auf jemanden od. jmds. Wort[e] verlassen

    take things as they come, take it as it comes — es nehmen, wie es kommt

    23) (receive, submit to) einstecken [müssen] [Schlag, Tritt, Stoß]; (Boxing) nehmen [müssen] [Schlag]; (endure, tolerate) aushalten; vertragen [Klima, Alkohol, Kaffee, Knoblauch]; verwinden [Schock]; (put up with) sich (Dat.) gefallen lassen [müssen] [Kritik, Grobheit]

    take one's punishment bravely — seine Strafe tapfer ertragen

    take no nonsense — sich (Dat.) nichts bieten lassen

    take it — (coll.) es verkraften; (referring to criticism, abuse) damit fertigwerden

    24) (adopt, choose) ergreifen [Maßnahmen]; unternehmen [Schritte]; einschlagen [Weg]; sich entschließen zu [Schritt, Handlungsweise]

    take the wrong road — die falsche Straße fahren/gehen

    take a firm etc. stand [with somebody/on or over something] — jemandem gegenüber/hinsichtlich einer Sache nicht nachgeben

    25) (receive, accommodate) [an]nehmen [Bewerber, Schüler]; aufnehmen [Gäste]
    26) (swindle)

    he was taken for £500 by the conman — (coll.) der Schwindler hat ihm 500 Pfund abgeknöpft (ugs.)

    27)

    be taken with somebody/something — von jemandem/etwas angetan sein

    2. intransitive verb,
    took, taken
    1) (be successful, effective) [Transplantat:] vom Körper angenommen werden; [Impfung:] anschlagen; [Pfropfreis:] anwachsen; [Sämling, Pflanze:] angehen; [Feuer:] zu brennen beginnen; [Fisch:] [an]beißen
    2) (detract)
    3. noun
    (Telev., Cinemat.) Einstellung, die; Take, der od. das (fachspr.)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (to take or keep (someone) as a hostage: The police were unable to attack the terrorists because they were holding three people hostage.) (jemanden) als Geisel festhalten
    * * *
    [teɪk]
    I. NOUN
    1. no pl (money received) Einnahmen pl
    2. (filming of a scene) Aufnahme f, Take m o nt fachspr
    3.
    ▶ to be on the \take AM ( fam) korrupt sein pej, Bestechungsgelder nehmen
    <took, taken>
    ▪ to \take sth etw annehmen
    this restaurant \takes credit cards dieses Restaurant akzeptiert Kreditkarten
    would you \take an offer? darf ich Ihnen ein Angebot machen?
    to \take sb's advice jds Rat annehmen
    not to \take no for an answer ein Nein nicht akzeptieren
    to \take a bet eine Wette annehmen
    to \take criticism Kritik akzeptieren
    to \take responsibility [for sth] die Verantwortung [für etw akk] übernehmen
    \take my word for it [or \take it from me] das kannst du mir glauben
    to \take sth badly/well etw schlecht/gut aufnehmen
    to \take sth seriously etw ernst nehmen
    ▪ to \take sb/sth somewhere jdn/etw irgendwohin bringen
    could you \take this drink over to Marsha? könntest du Marsha diesen Drink rüberbringen? fam
    will you \take me swimming tomorrow? nimmst du mich morgen zum Schwimmen mit?
    to \take sb to hospital/the station/home jdn ins Krankenhaus/zum Bahnhof/nach Hause fahren
    to \take sb to the cinema jdn ins Kino einladen
    to \take sb for a meal jdn zum Essen einladen (im Restaurant)
    ▪ to \take sth etw nehmen
    he took my arm and led me to the door er nahm meinen Arm und führte mich zur Tür
    may I \take your coat? darf ich Ihnen den Mantel abnehmen?
    to \take sb by the hand/throat jdn bei der Hand nehmen/am Kragen packen
    to \take hold of sb ( fig) jdn ergreifen
    ▪ to \take sth etw ertragen [o verkraften]; abuse, insults etw hinnehmen
    you don't have to take his insults, you know du brauchst dir seine Beleidigungen nicht gefallen lassen
    I just can't take it anymore ich bin am Ende, ich kann einfach nicht mehr
    he couldn't \take it anymore er konnte es nicht länger ertragen
    to be able to \take a joke einen Spaß verstehen [o fam vertragen
    ▪ to \take sth etw aufnehmen
    my car \takes five people mein Auto hat Platz für fünf Leute
    ▪ to \take sth etw erfordern [o benötigen]
    his story took some believing seine Geschichte ist kaum zu glauben
    I \take [a] size five (in shoes) ich habe Schuhgröße fünf
    to \take one's time sich dat Zeit lassen
    to \take the time to do sth sich dat die Zeit nehmen, etw zu tun
    7.
    ▪ it \takes... man braucht...
    it \takes more than that to convince me das überzeugt mich noch lange nicht
    it \takes me an hour ich brauche eine Stunde
    it took me a long time [to...] es hat lange gedauert [bis...]
    hold on, it won't \take long warten Sie, es dauert nicht lange
    it will \take some persuasion er/sie wird schwer zu überreden sein
    it took a lot of courage dazu gehörte viel Mut
    8. LING
    ▪ to \take sth:
    here, ‘sich’ \takes the dative hier wird ‚sich‘ mit dem Dativ gebraucht
    this verb \takes ‘haben’ dieses Verb wird mit ‚haben‘ konjugiert
    ▪ to \take sth etw erhalten [o bekommen]
    we've stopped taking the newspaper wir beziehen die Zeitung nicht mehr
    ▪ to \take sth etw [weg]nehmen; (steal a.) etw stehlen
    \take your books off the table please nimm bitte deine Bücher vom Tisch; MATH
    \take three from five ziehe drei von fünf ab
    to \take a chesspiece eine Schachfigur schlagen
    11. (travel by)
    ▪ to \take sth taxi, train etw nehmen
    she took the 10.30 flight to Edinburgh sie nahm den Flug um 10:30 Uhr nach Edinburg
    \take the M1 motorway up to Newcastle nehmen Sie die Autobahn M1 bis Newcastle
    he took that last bend too fast er nahm die letzte Kurve zu schnell
    to \take the bus/car mit dem Bus/Auto fahren
    12. (eat, consume)
    ▪ to \take sth food, drink etw zu sich dat nehmen; medicine etw einnehmen
    \take a sip trink [o nimm] einen Schluck
    we'll \take the tea in the sitting room wir trinken den Tee im Wohnzimmer
    not to be \taken internally MED nur zur äußerlichen Anwendung
    to \take a flat/house eine Wohnung/ein Haus mieten
    14. (let stay)
    ▪ to \take sb jdn [auf]nehmen
    my mother takes lodgers meine Mutter vermietet [ein] Zimmer
    ▪ to \take sb jdn gefangen nehmen
    to \take prisoners Gefangene machen
    the terrorists took him prisoner die Terroristen nahmen ihn gefangen
    to \take a city eine Stadt einnehmen
    to \take power die Macht ergreifen
    to \take office ein Amt antreten
    17. BRIT, AUS (teach)
    ▪ to \take sth etw unterrichten
    Mr Marshall \takes us for physics in Physik haben wir Herrn Marshall fam
    she \takes private pupils sie gibt Privatstunden
    18. (officiate at)
    to \take a church service einen Gottesdienst halten
    19. (have)
    to \take a rest eine Pause machen
    to \take a walk einen Spaziergang machen
    to \take a cold sich erkälten
    20. (tackle)
    to \take a hurdle/fence eine Hürde/einen Zaun überspringen
    to \take an obstacle ein Hindernis nehmen
    21. BRIT (sit exam)
    to \take a test einen Test machen
    to \take an exam eine Prüfung ablegen
    she took her degree in May sie hat im Mai [ihr] Examen gemacht
    22. (achieve)
    to \take first prize den ersten Preis erhalten
    23. (feel)
    to \take an interest in sb/sth sich akk für jdn/etw interessieren, Interesse an jdm/etw haben
    to \take notice of sb/sth jdn/etw beachten
    to \take offence beleidigt sein
    to \take pity on sb/sth mit jdm/etw Mitleid haben
    to \take the view that... der Ansicht sein, dass..., auf dem Standpunkt stehen, dass...
    24. (earn)
    ▪ to \take sth etw einnehmen
    she \takes £300 a week sie nimmt 300 Pfund die Woche ein
    25. (write)
    to \take notes sich dat Notizen machen
    to \take pictures [or photos] Bilder machen, fotografieren
    this photo was taken last summer dieses Foto ist vom letzten Sommer
    to have one's photo \taken sich akk fotografieren lassen
    27. THEAT, MUS, FILM
    let's \take that scene again lass uns die Szene nochmal machen
    can you \take me through my lines? kannst du mit mir meine Rolle durchgehen?
    let's \take it from the third act fangen wir mit dem dritten Akt an
    \take last week/me,... letzte Woche/ich zum Beispiel...
    ▪ to \take sb/sth for sb/sth [or to be sb/sth] jdn/etw für jdn/etw halten
    I took him to be more intelligent than he turned out to be ich hielt ihn für intelligenter, als er tatsächlich war
    I \take it [that]... ich nehme an, [dass]...
    I \take it that you're coming with us ich nehme an, du kommst mit
    to \take sb's/the point jds/den Standpunkt verstehen
    I \take your point, but... ich verstehe, was du meinst, aber...
    point \taken [habe] verstanden
    if you \take my meaning BRIT wenn du verstehst, was ich meine
    31.
    ▶ to \take it as it comes es nehmen, wie es kommt
    ▶ what do you \take me for? wofür [o SCHWEIZ für was] hältst du mich?
    ▶ he's got what it \takes er bringt's fam, er kann was
    ▶ \take it from me das kannst du mir glauben
    ▶ \take it or leave it entweder du akzeptierst es, oder du lässt es bleiben fam
    ▶ to \take sth lying down etw stillschweigend hinnehmen
    ▶ to \take sb by surprise [or unawares] jdn überraschen
    ▶ to \take one thing at a time eins nach dem anderen erledigen
    <took, taken>
    1. (have effect) wirken; plant angehen; dye angenommen werden; medicine anschlagen
    the ink won't take on this paper dieses Papier nimmt die Tinte nicht an
    2. (become)
    to \take ill krank werden
    ▪ to \take from sth etw schmälern
    will that not \take from it's usefulness? würde das nicht den Gebrauchswert vermindern?
    * * *
    take [teık]
    A s
    1. Fischerei: Fang m
    2. JAGD
    a) Beute f
    b) Erbeutung f
    3. umg Anteil m (of an dat)
    4. besonders US umg Einnahme(n) f(pl)
    5. Take m/n:
    a) FILM Szene(naufnahme) f
    b) RADIO etc Aufnahme f
    6. TYPO Portion f (eines Manuskripts)
    7. MED
    a) Reaktion f (auf eine Impfung)
    b) Anwachsen n (eines Hauttransplantats)
    8. fig Reaktion f: → double take
    9. besonders Br Pachtland n
    10. Schach etc: Schlagen n (einer Figur)
    B v/t prät took [tʊk], pperf taken [ˈteıkən]
    1. allg, z. B. Abschied, Unterricht etc nehmen:
    take it or leave it umg mach, was du willst;
    taken all in all im Großen (u.) Ganzen;
    2. (weg)nehmen:
    take one’s foot off the clutch AUTO den Fuß von der Kupplung nehmen;
    take that silly grin off your face umg hör auf, so blöd zu grinsen!;
    he took three seconds off the record SPORT er verbesserte den Rekord um drei Sekunden
    3. a) nehmen, fassen, packen, ergreifen
    b) SPORT einen Pass etc aufnehmen
    4. Fische etc fangen
    5. einen Verbrecher etc fangen, ergreifen
    6. MIL gefangen nehmen, Gefangene machen
    7. MIL eine Stadt, Stellung etc (ein)nehmen, auch Land erobern, ein Schiff kapern
    8. jemanden erwischen, ertappen ( beide:
    stealing beim Stehlen;
    in a lie bei einer Lüge)
    9. nehmen, sich etwas aneignen, Besitz ergreifen von, sich bemächtigen (gen); → place A 18
    10. a) eine Gabe etc (an-, entgegen)nehmen, empfangen
    b) eine Bestellung aufnehmen (Ober etc)
    11. bekommen, erhalten, Geld, Steuern etc einnehmen, einen Preis etc gewinnen, Geld einspielen (Film): → trick A 7
    12. (heraus)nehmen (from, out of aus), auch fig ein Zitat etc entnehmen ( from dat):
    I take it from sb who knows ich habe (weiß) es von jemandem, der es genau weiß;
    today’s text is taken from … der heutige Text stammt aus …;
    take a single from an album eine Single aus einem Album auskoppeln;
    be taken from … eine Auskopplung aus … sein
    13. eine Speise etc zu sich nehmen, eine Mahlzeit einnehmen, Gift, eine Medizin etc nehmen
    14. sich eine Krankheit holen oder zuziehen: → ill A 6
    15. nehmen:
    a) auswählen:
    I’m not taking any sl ohne mich!
    b) kaufen
    c) mieten
    d) eine Eintritts-, Fahrkarte lösen
    e) eine Frau heiraten
    f) mit einer Frau schlafen
    g) einen Weg wählen
    16. mitnehmen:
    don’t forget to take your umbrella;
    take me with you nimm mich mit;
    you can’t take it with you fig im Grab nützt (dir) aller Reichtum nichts mehr, das letzte Hemd hat keine Taschen
    17. (hin- oder weg)bringen, jemanden wohin führen:
    I took her some flowers ich brachte ihr Blumen
    19. MATH abziehen ( from von)
    20. jemanden treffen, erwischen (Schlag)
    21. ein Hindernis nehmen
    22. jemanden befallen, packen (Empfindung, Krankheit):
    be taken with a disease eine Krankheit bekommen;
    be taken with fear von Furcht gepackt werden
    23. ein Gefühl haben, bekommen, Mitleid etc empfinden, Mut fassen, Anstoß nehmen, Ab-, Zuneigung fassen (to gegen, für):
    take alarm beunruhigt sein (at über akk); → comfort B 1, courage, fancy A 7, pride A 2
    24. Feuer fangen
    25. eine Bedeutung, einen Sinn, eine Eigenschaft, Gestalt annehmen, bekommen, einen Namen, eine Staatsbürgerschaft annehmen
    26. eine Farbe, einen Geruch oder Geschmack annehmen
    27. SPORT und Spiele:
    a) den Ball, einen Punkt, eine Figur, einen Stein abnehmen ( from dat)
    b) einen Stein schlagen
    c) eine Karte stechen
    d) einen Satz etc gewinnen:
    he took bronze medal er gewann die Bronzemedaille
    e) einen Eckstoß etc ausführen
    28. JUR etc erwerben, besonders erben
    29. eine Ware, Zeitung beziehen, WIRTSCH einen Auftrag hereinnehmen
    30. nehmen, verwenden:
    take four eggs man nehme vier Eier
    31. einen Zug, ein Taxi etc nehmen, benutzen
    32. eine Gelegenheit, einen Vorteil ergreifen, wahrnehmen: → chance A 5
    33. (als Beispiel) nehmen
    34. a) einen Platz einnehmen:
    be taken besetzt sein; → seat A 4
    b) seinen Platz einnehmen: → seat A 4
    35. fig jemanden, das Auge, den Sinn gefangen nehmen, fesseln, (für sich) einnehmen:
    be taken with ( oder by) begeistert oder entzückt sein von
    36. den Befehl, die Führung, eine Rolle, eine Stellung, den Vorsitz, JUR jemandes Verteidigung übernehmen
    37. eine Mühe, Verantwortung auf sich nehmen
    38. leisten:
    a) eine Arbeit, einen Dienst verrichten
    b) einen Eid, ein Gelübde ablegen: → oath Bes Redew
    39. eine Notiz, Aufzeichnungen machen, niederschreiben, ein Diktat, Protokoll aufnehmen
    40. FOTO etwas aufnehmen, ein Bild machen
    41. eine Messung, Zählung etc vornehmen, durchführen
    42. wissenschaftlich ermitteln, eine Größe, die Temperatur etc messen, Maß nehmen: → blood pressure, temperature 2
    43. machen, tun:
    take a look einen Blick tun oder werfen (at auf akk)
    44. eine Maßnahme ergreifen, treffen
    45. eine Auswahl treffen
    46. einen Entschluss fassen
    47. eine Fahrt, einen Spaziergang, auch einen Sprung, eine Verbeugung, Wendung etc machen, Anlauf nehmen
    48. eine Ansicht vertreten: → stand A 2, view C 7
    49. a) verstehen
    b) auffassen, auslegen ( beide:
    as als)
    c) etwas gut etc aufnehmen:
    do you take me? verstehen Sie(, was ich meine)?;
    I take it that … ich nehme an, dass …;
    may we take it that …? dürfen wir es so verstehen, dass …?;
    take sth ill of sb jemandem etwas übel nehmen; → seriously
    50. ansehen, betrachten ( beide:
    as als), halten ( for für):
    what do you take me for? wofür halten Sie mich eigentlich?
    51. sich Rechte, Freiheiten (heraus)nehmen
    52. a) einen Rat, eine Auskunft einholen
    b) einen Rat annehmen, befolgen
    53. eine Wette, ein Angebot annehmen
    54. glauben:
    you may take it from me verlass dich drauf!
    55. eine Beleidigung, einen Verlust etc, auch jemanden hinnehmen, eine Strafe, Folgen auf sich nehmen, sich etwas gefallen lassen:
    take people as they are die Leute nehmen, wie sie (eben) sind;
    take life as it comes das Leben so nehmen, wie es kommt;
    I’m not taking this das lass ich mir nicht gefallen
    56. etwas ertragen, aushalten:
    he can take a lot er ist hart im Nehmen;
    take it umg es kriegen, es ausbaden (müssen)
    57. MED sich einer Behandlung etc unterziehen
    58. SCHULE, UNIV eine Prüfung machen, ablegen:
    take French Examen im Französischen machen; → degree 8
    59. eine Rast, Ferien etc machen, Urlaub, auch ein Bad nehmen
    60. Platz, Raum ein-, wegnehmen, beanspruchen
    61. a) Zeit, Material etc, auch fig Geduld, Mut etc brauchen, erfordern, kosten, eine gewisse Zeit dauern:
    it took a long time es dauerte oder brauchte lange;
    the book takes a long time to read man braucht viel Zeit, um das Buch zu lesen;
    the project took two years to plan die Planung des Projekts dauerte zwei Jahre oder nahm zwei Jahre in Anspruch;
    take some minutes einige Minuten brauchen ( doing sth um etwas zu tun);
    it takes a lot of courage to do a thing like that es gehört viel Mut dazu, so etwas zu tun;
    it takes a man to do that das kann nur ein Mann (fertigbringen);
    he took a little convincing es bedurfte (bei ihm) einiger Überredung
    b) jemanden etwas kosten, jemandem etwas abverlangen:
    it took him ( oder he took) three hours es kostete ihn oder er brauchte drei Stunden;
    it took him a long time to get over it er brauchte lange, um darüber hinwegzukommen
    62. eine Kleidergröße, Nummer haben: → size1 A 2
    63. LING
    a) eine grammatische Form annehmen, im Konjunktiv etc stehen
    b) einen Akzent, eine Endung, ein Objekt etc bekommen
    64. aufnehmen, fassen, Platz bieten für
    65. ein Gewicht tragen, aushalten
    C v/i
    1. BOT Wurzeln schlagen
    2. BOT, MED anwachsen (Pfropfreis, Steckling, Transplantat)
    3. MED wirken, anschlagen (Medikament etc)
    4. umg ankommen, ziehen, einschlagen, Anklang finden (Buch, Theaterstück etc)
    5. JUR das Eigentumsrecht erlangen, besonders erben, (als Erbe) zum Zuge kommen
    6. sich gut etc fotografieren (lassen)
    7. Feuer fangen
    8. anbeißen (Fisch)
    9. TECH an-, eingreifen
    * * *
    1.
    [teɪk]transitive verb, took [tʊk], taken ['teɪkn]
    1) (get hold of, grasp, seize) nehmen

    take somebody's arm — jmds. Arm nehmen

    take somebody by the hand/arm — jemanden bei der Hand/am Arm nehmen

    2) (capture) einnehmen [Stadt, Festung]; machen [Gefangenen]; (chess) schlagen; nehmen
    3) (gain, earn) [Laden:] einbringen; [Film, Stück:] einspielen; (win) gewinnen [Satz, Spiel, Preis, Titel]; erzielen [Punkte]; (Cards) machen [Stich]

    take first/second etc. place — den ersten/zweiten usw. Platz belegen; (fig.) an erster/zweiter usw. Stelle kommen

    take the biscuit (Brit. coll.) or (coll.) cake — (fig.) alle/alles übertreffen

    4) (assume possession of) nehmen; (take away with one) mitnehmen; (steal) mitnehmen (verhüll.); (obtain by purchase) kaufen, (by rent) mieten [Auto, Wohnung, Haus]; nehmen [Klavier-, Deutsch-, Fahrstunden]; mitmachen [Tanzkurs]; (buy regularly) nehmen; lesen [Zeitung, Zeitschrift]; (subscribe to) beziehen; (obtain) erwerben [akademischen Grad]; (form a relationship with) sich (Dat.) nehmen [Frau, Geliebten usw.]

    take place — stattfinden; (spontaneously) sich ereignen; [Wandlung:] sich vollziehen

    I'll take this handbag/the curry, please — ich nehme diese Handtasche/das Curry

    5) (avail oneself of, use) nehmen; machen [Pause, Ferien, Nickerchen]; nehmen [Beispiel, Zitat usw.] ( from aus)

    take the opportunity to do/of doing something — die Gelegenheit dazu benutzen, etwas zu tun

    take the car/bus into town — mit dem Auto/Bus in die Stadt fahren

    take two eggs — etc. (in recipe) man nehme zwei Eier usw.

    [let's] take a more recent example/my sister [for example] — nehmen wir ein Beispiel neueren Datums/einmal meine Schwester

    6) (carry, guide, convey) bringen

    take somebody's shoes to the mender['s]/somebody's coat to the cleaner's — jmds. Schuhe zum Schuster/jmds. Mantel in die Reinigung bringen

    take somebody to school/hospital — jemanden zur Schule/ins Krankenhaus bringen

    take somebody to the zoo/cinema/to dinner — mit jemandem in den Zoo/ins Kino/zum Abendessen gehen

    take somebody into one's home/house — jemanden bei sich aufnehmen

    the road takes you/the story takes us to London — die Straße führt nach/die Erzählung führt uns nach London

    his ability will take him far/to the top — mit seinen Fähigkeiten wird er es weit bringen/wird er ganz nach oben kommen

    take somebody/something with one — jemanden/etwas mitnehmen

    take home — mit nach Hause nehmen; (earn) nach Hause bringen [Geld]; (accompany) nach Hause bringen od. begleiten; (to meet one's parents etc.) mit nach Hause bringen

    take somebody through/over something — (fig.) mit jemandem etwas durchgehen

    take in hand — (begin) in Angriff nehmen; (assume responsibility for) sich kümmern um

    take somebody into partnership [with one]/into the business — jemanden zu seinem Teilhaber machen/in sein Geschäft aufnehmen

    take a stick etc. to somebody — den Stock usw. bei jemandem gebrauchen

    take something to pieces or bits — etwas auseinander nehmen

    you can/can't take somebody anywhere — (fig. coll.) man kann jemanden überallhin/nirgendwohin mitnehmen

    you can't take it 'with you — (coll.) man kann es ja nicht mitnehmen

    7) (remove) nehmen; (deduct) abziehen

    take something/somebody from somebody — jemandem etwas/jemanden wegnehmen

    take all the fun/hard work out of something — einem alle Freude an etwas (Dat.) nehmen/einem die schwere Arbeit bei etwas ersparen

    8)

    somebody takes courage from something — etwas macht jemandem Mut; see also heart 1)

    9)

    be taken ill or (coll.) sick — krank werden

    10) (make) machen [Foto, Kopie]; (photograph) aufnehmen
    11) (perform, execute) aufnehmen [Brief, Diktat]; machen [Prüfung, Sprung, Spaziergang, Reise, Umfrage]; durchführen [Befragung, Volkszählung]; ablegen [Gelübde, Eid]; übernehmen [Rolle, Part]; treffen [Entscheidung]

    take a fall/tumble — stürzen/straucheln

    take a step forward/backward — einen Schritt vor-/zurücktreten

    take a turn for the better/worse — eine Wende zum Besseren/Schlechteren nehmen

    12) (negotiate) nehmen [Zaun, Mauer, Hürde, Kurve, Hindernis]
    13) (conduct) halten [Gottesdienst, Andacht, Unterricht]
    15) (consume) trinken [Tee, Kaffee, Kognak usw.]; nehmen [Zucker, Milch, Überdosis, Tabletten, Medizin]

    not to be taken [internally] — nicht zur innerlichen Anwendung

    16) (occupy) einnehmen [Sitz im Parlament]; übernehmen, antreten [Amt]

    take somebody's seat — sich auf jmds. Platz setzen

    is that/this seat taken? — ist da/hier noch frei?

    17) (need, require) brauchen [Platz, Zeit]; haben [Kleider-, Schuhgröße usw.]; (Ling.) haben [Objekt, Plural-s]; gebraucht werden mit [Kasus]

    this verb takes "sein" — dieses Verb wird mit "sein" konjugiert

    the wound will take some time to heal — es braucht einige Zeit, bis die Wunde geheilt ist

    something takes an hour/a year/all day — etwas dauert eine Stunde/ein Jahr/einen ganzen Tag

    it takes an hour etc. to do something — es dauert eine Stunde usw., [um] etwas zu tun

    somebody takes or it takes somebody a long time/an hour etc. to do something — jmd. braucht lange/eine Stunde usw., um etwas zu tun

    take a lot of work/effort/courage — viel Arbeit/Mühe/Mut kosten

    have [got] what it takes — das Zeug dazu haben

    it will take [quite] a lot of explaining — es wird schwer zu erklären sein

    that story of his takes some believing — die Geschichte, die er da erzählt, ist kaum zu glauben

    it takes all sorts [to make a world] — es gibt solche und solche

    18) (contain, hold) fassen; (support) tragen
    19) (ascertain and record) notieren [Namen, Adresse, Autonummer usw.]; fühlen [Puls]; messen [Temperatur, Größe usw.]

    take the minutes of a meeting — bei einer Sitzung [das] Protokoll führen

    20) (apprehend, grasp)

    take somebody's meaning/drift — verstehen, was jmd. meint

    take somebody's point — jmds. Standpunkt verstehen

    take it [that]... — annehmen, [dass]...

    can I take it that...? — kann ich davon ausgehen, dass...?

    take something to mean something — etwas so verstehen, dass...

    take something as settled/as a compliment/refusal — etwas als erledigt betrachten/als eine Ablehnung/ein Kompliment auffassen

    take somebody/something for/to be something — jemanden/etwas für etwas halten

    take something well/badly/hard — etwas gut/schlecht/nur schwer verkraften

    somebody takes something very badly/hard — etwas trifft jemanden sehr

    take something calmly or coolly — etwas gelassen [auf- od. hin]nehmen

    you can/may take it as read that... — du kannst sicher sein, dass...

    taking it all in all, taking one thing with another — alles in allem

    22) (accept) annehmen

    take money etc. [from somebody/for something] — Geld usw. [von jemandem/für etwas] [an]nehmen

    will you take £500 for the car? — wollen Sie den Wagen für 500 Pfund verkaufen?

    [you can] take it or leave it — entweder du bist damit einverstanden, oder du lässt es bleiben

    take somebody's word for it — sich auf jemanden od. jmds. Wort[e] verlassen

    take things as they come, take it as it comes — es nehmen, wie es kommt

    23) (receive, submit to) einstecken [müssen] [Schlag, Tritt, Stoß]; (Boxing) nehmen [müssen] [Schlag]; (endure, tolerate) aushalten; vertragen [Klima, Alkohol, Kaffee, Knoblauch]; verwinden [Schock]; (put up with) sich (Dat.) gefallen lassen [müssen] [Kritik, Grobheit]

    take no nonsense — sich (Dat.) nichts bieten lassen

    take it — (coll.) es verkraften; (referring to criticism, abuse) damit fertigwerden

    24) (adopt, choose) ergreifen [Maßnahmen]; unternehmen [Schritte]; einschlagen [Weg]; sich entschließen zu [Schritt, Handlungsweise]

    take the wrong road — die falsche Straße fahren/gehen

    take a firm etc. stand [with somebody/on or over something] — jemandem gegenüber/hinsichtlich einer Sache nicht nachgeben

    25) (receive, accommodate) [an]nehmen [Bewerber, Schüler]; aufnehmen [Gäste]

    he was taken for £500 by the conman — (coll.) der Schwindler hat ihm 500 Pfund abgeknöpft (ugs.)

    27)

    be taken with somebody/something — von jemandem/etwas angetan sein

    2. intransitive verb,
    took, taken
    1) (be successful, effective) [Transplantat:] vom Körper angenommen werden; [Impfung:] anschlagen; [Pfropfreis:] anwachsen; [Sämling, Pflanze:] angehen; [Feuer:] zu brennen beginnen; [Fisch:] [an]beißen
    3. noun
    (Telev., Cinemat.) Einstellung, die; Take, der od. das (fachspr.)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (do) one's driving test expr.
    seinen Führerschein machen ausdr. (in) shorthand expr.
    stenographieren v. (lift) from an album expr.
    auskoppeln (Titel von einem Album) v. (the) responsibility for expr.
    verantworten v. (advice) v.
    befolgen (Rat) v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: took, taken)
    = einnehmen v.
    ergreifen v.
    nehmen v.
    nehmen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: nahm, genommen)
    vornehmen v.
    wegnehmen v.

    English-german dictionary > take

  • 6 go

    A vi (3e pers sg prés goes ; prét went ; pp gone)
    1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she's gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car's going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that's him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c'est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait? ;
    2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he's gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;
    3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l'école/l'église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor's/dentist's aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;
    4 ( used as auxiliary with present participle) she went running up the stairs elle a monté l'escalier en courant ; she went complaining to the principal elle est allée se plaindre au directeur ;
    5 ( depart) partir ; I must go, I must be going il faut que je parte or que je m'en aille ; the train goes at six o'clock le train part à six heures ; a train goes every hour il y a un train toutes les heures ; to go on holiday partir en vacances ; be gone! va-t'en!, allez-vous en! ;
    6 euph ( die) mourir, disparaître ; when I am gone quand je ne serai plus là ; the doctors say she could go at any time d'après les médecins elle risque de mourir d'un instant à l'autre ;
    7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l'argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d'argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it's gone j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;
    8 (be sent, transmitted) it can't go by post on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste ; these proposals will go before parliament ces propositions seront soumises au parlement ;
    9 ( become) to go red rougir ; to go white blanchir ; his hair ou he is going grey il commençe à avoir les cheveux blancs ; to go mad devenir fou/folle ; to go bankrupt faire faillite ;
    10 ( change over to new system) to go Labour/Conservative Pol [country, constituency] voter travailliste/conservateur ; to go metric adopter le système métrique ; ⇒ private, public ;
    11 (be, remain) the people went hungry les gens n'avaient rien à manger ; we went for two days without food nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger ; to go unnoticed passer inaperçu ; to go unpunished rester impuni ; the question went unanswered la question est restée sans réponse ; to go naked se promener tout nu ; he was allowed to go free il a été libéré or remis en liberté ;
    12 (weaken, become impaired) his memory/mind is going il perd la mémoire/l'esprit ; his hearing is going il devient sourd ; my voice is going je n'ai plus de voix ; the battery is going la batterie est presque à plat ; the engine is going le moteur a des ratés ;
    13 ( of time) ( elapse) s'écouler ; three hours went by before… trois heures se sont écoulées avant que… (+ subj) ; there are only three days to go before Christmas il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël ; how's the time going? quelle heure est-il? ; it's just gone seven o'clock il est un peu plus de sept heures ;
    14 ( be got rid of) he's totally inefficient, he'll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it'll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu'on s'en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c'est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;
    15 (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner ; to set [sth] going mettre [qch] en marche ; to get going [engine, machine] se mettre en marche ; fig [business] démarrer ; to get the fire going allumer le feu ; to keep going [person, business, machine] tenir le coup ○, se maintenir ; we have several projects going at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment ; ⇒ keep ;
    16 ( start) let's get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we'll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu'on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c'est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas ;
    17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;
    18 ( extend in depth or scope) the roots of the plant go very deep les racines de la plante s'enfoncent très profondément ; the historical reasons for this conflict go very deep les raisons historiques de ce conflit remontent très loin ; these habits go very deep ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées or enracinées ; as far as that goes pour ce qui est de cela ; it's true as far as it goes c'est vrai dans un sens or dans une certaine mesure ; she'll go far! elle ira loin! ; this time he's gone too far! cette fois il est allé trop loin! ; a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours ; one leg of lamb doesn't go very far among twelve people un gigot d'agneau n'est pas suffisant pour douze personnes ; this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude ceci explique en grande partie son attitude ; you can make £5 go a long way on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling ;
    19 (belong, be placed) aller ; where do these plates go? où vont ces assiettes? ; that table goes beside the bed cette table va à côté du lit ; the suitcases will have to go in the back il va falloir mettre les valises derrière ;
    20 ( fit) gen rentrer ; it won't go into the box ça ne rentre pas dans la boîte ; five into four won't go quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq ; three into six goes twice six divisé par trois, ça fait deux ;
    21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can't remember how the poem goes je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l'air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;
    22 ( be accepted) what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi ; it goes without saying that il va sans dire que ; that goes without saying cela va sans dire ; anything goes tout est permis ;
    23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it's going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j'étais justement sur le point de t'appeler, j'allais justement t'appeler ; I'm going to phone him right now je vais l'appeler tout de suite ; I'm not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d'idée ;
    24 ( happen) the party went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée ; so far the campaign is going well jusqu'à maintenant la campagne a bien marché ; how did the evening go? comment s'est passée la soirée? ; the way things are going, I don't think we'll ever get finished vu la façon dont les choses se passent or si ça continue comme ça, je pense qu'on n'aura jamais fini ; how's it going ○ ?, how are things going? comment ça va ○ ? ; how goes it? hum comment ça va ○ ?, comment va ◑ ? ;
    25 ( be on average) it's old, as Australian towns go c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn't a bad party, as parties go c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;
    26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won't let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;
    27 ( be on offer) I'll have some coffee, if there's any going je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a ; are there any drinks going? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose à boire? ; I'll have whatever's going je prendrai ce qu'il y a ; it's the best machine going c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché ; there's a job going at their London office il y a un poste libre dans leur bureau de Londres ;
    28 ( contribute) the money will go towards a new roof l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit ; the elements that go to make a great film les éléments qui font un bon film ; everything that goes to make a good teacher toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant ;
    29 ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à) ; [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à) ; the money will go to charity les bénéfices iront aux bonnes œuvres ; most of the credit should go to the author la plus grande partie du mérite revient à l'auteur ; the job went to a local man le poste a été donné à un homme de la région ;
    30 ( emphatic use) she's gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you've gone and ruined everything! tu t'es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you've really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;
    31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l'alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don't know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;
    32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ○ ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;
    33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;
    34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;
    35 (bid, bet) aller ; I'll go as high as £100 j'irai jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ;
    36 ( take one's turn) you go next c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après ; you go first après vous ;
    37 ( be in harmony) those two colours don't go together ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ; the curtains don't go with the carpet les rideaux ne vont pas avec le tapis ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;
    38 ○ euph ( relieve oneself) aller aux toilettes ;
    39 US ( in takeaway) to go à emporter ; two hamburgers to go! deux hamburgers à emporter!
    1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one's own way fig suivre son chemin ;
    2 ○ (bet, bid) I go two diamonds ( in cards) j'annonce deux carreaux ; he went £20 il a mis or parié 20 livres sterling.
    C n (pl goes)
    1 GB ( person's turn) tour m ; ( try) essai m ; it's your go ( in game) c'est ton tour, c'est à toi ; whose go is it? gen à qui le tour? ; ( in game) à qui de jouer? ; you've had two goes ( in game) tu as eu deux tours ; ( two attempts at mending sth) tu as déjà essayé deux fois ; to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch ; have another go! essaie encore une fois or un coup! ; she had several goes at the exam elle a repassé l'examen plusieurs fois ; I had to have several goes before passing j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir ;
    2 ○ ( energy) dynamisme m ; to be full of go, to be all go être très dynamique, avoir beaucoup d'allant ; he has no go in him il manque de dynamisme ;
    3 ○ GB ( bout) ( of illness) attaque f ;
    D adj all systems are go! Aerosp tout est paré pour le lancement!
    to have a go at sb s'en prendre à qn ; to make a go of sth réussir qch ; she's always on the go elle n'arrête jamais ; he's all go ○ ! il n'arrête pas! ; it's all the go ○ ! ça fait fureur! ; we have several different projects on the go at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier or en cours en ce moment ; (it's) no go! pas question! ; from the word go dès le départ ; that was a near go ○ ! on l'a échappé belle! ; in one go d'un seul coup ; to go one better than sb renchérir sur qn ; that's how it goes!, that's the way it goes! ainsi va le monde!, c'est la vie! ; there you go ○ ! voilà!
    ■ go about:
    1 = go around ;
    2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;
    ▶ go about [sth]
    1 ( undertake) s'attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s'y prendre ;
    2 ( be busy with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations ; she went about her work mechanically elle faisait son travail machinalement.
    ■ go across:
    ▶ go across traverser ; he's gone across to the shop/neighbour's il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;
    ▶ go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].
    ■ go after:
    ▶ go after [sth/sb]
    1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;
    2 fig ( try hard to get) he really went after that job il a fait tout son possible pour avoir ce travail.
    ▶ go against [sb/sth]
    1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n'a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;
    2 ( conflict with) être contraire à [rules, principles] ; to go against the trend aller à l'encontre de or être contraire à la tendance ; to go against the party line Pol ne pas être dans la ligne du parti ;
    3 (resist, oppose) s'opposer à, aller à l'inverse de [person, sb's wishes].
    1 ( go in front) go ahead, I'll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;
    2 fig ( proceed) go! ( in conversation) continue! ; go ahead and shoot! vas-y, tire! ; they are going ahead with the project ils ont décidé de mettre le projet en route ; we can go ahead without them nous pouvons continuer sans eux ; next week's strike is to go ahead la grève de la semaine prochaine va avoir lieu.
    1 ( move along) [person, vehicle] aller, avancer ; to make sth up as one goes along fig inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;
    2 ( attend) aller ; she went along as a witch elle y est allée déguisée en sorcière ; I went along as a witness j'y suis allé or je me suis présenté comme témoin.
    ▶ go along with [sb/sth] être d'accord avec, accepter [plans, wishes] ; I can't go along with that je ne peux pas accepter ça ; I'll go along with you there je suis d'accord avec vous sur ce point.
    ■ go around:
    1 (move, travel about) se promener, circuler ; to go around naked/barefoot se promener tout nu/pieds nus ; she goes around on a bicycle elle circule à bicyclette ; they go around everywhere together ils vont partout ensemble ;
    2 ( circulate) [rumour] courir ; there's a rumour going around that le bruit court que ; there's a virus going around il y a un virus qui traîne ; there isn't enough money to go around il n'y a pas assez d'argent pour tout le monde ;
    ▶ go around [sth] faire le tour de [house, shops, area] ; to go around the world faire le tour du monde ; they went around the country looking for him ils l'ont cherché dans tout le pays.
    ■ go at:
    ▶ go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;
    ▶ go at [sth] s'attaquer à, s'atteler à [task, activity].
    ■ go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don't go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won't go away! je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren't just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!
    ■ go back
    1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let's go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn't safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you've committed yourself, there's no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;
    2 ( in time) remonter ; to go back in time remonter dans le temps ; to understand the problem we need to go back 20 years pour comprendre le problème il faut remonter 20 ans en arrière ; this tradition goes back a century cette tradition est vieille d'un siècle ; we go back a long way ça fait longtemps qu'on se connaît ;
    3 ( revert) revenir (to à) ; to go back to teaching revenir à l'enseignement ; to go back to being a student reprendre des études ; let's go back to what we were discussing yesterday revenons à ce que dont nous parlions hier.
    ▶ go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].
    ■ go before:
    ▶ go before ( go in front) aller au devant ; fig ( in time) se passer avant ; all that had gone before tout ce qui s'était passé avant ;
    ▶ go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.
    ■ go below gen, Naut descendre.
    ■ go by:
    ▶ go by [person] passer ; [time] passer, s'écouler ; as time goes by avec le temps ; don't let such opportunities go by il ne faut pas laisser passer de telles occasions ;
    ▶ go by [sth]
    1 ( judge by) juger d'après ; to go by appearances juger d'après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I'd say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn't go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn't like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n'a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;
    2 ( proceed by) to go by the rules suivre or observer le règlement ; promotion goes by seniority la promotion se fait à l'ancienneté or en fonction de l'ancienneté.
    ■ go down:
    ▶ go down
    1 ( descend) gen descendre ; [diver] effectuer une plongée ; to go down to the cellar descendre à la cave ; to go down to the beach aller à la plage ; to go down to the pub aller au pub ; they've gone down to Brighton for a few days ils sont allés passer quelques jours à Brighton ; ‘going down!’ ( in elevator) ‘on descend!’ ; to go down on one's knees se mettre à genoux ;
    2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l'avion s'est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l'avion s'est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;
    3 [sun] se coucher ;
    4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn't go down at all well cette remarque n'a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn't go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n'a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;
    5 ( be swallowed) it went down the wrong way c'est passé de travers ;
    6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s'éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;
    7 ( become deflated) [swelling] désenfler ; [tyre, balloon] se dégonfler ;
    8 GB Univ ( break up for holiday) terminer les cours ; ( leave university permanently) quitter l'université ; when do you go down? quand est-ce que vous êtes en vacances? ;
    9 gen, Sport (fail, be defeated) perdre ; ( be downgraded) redescendre ; Corby went down 6-1 to Oxford Corby a perdu 6-1 contre Oxford ; the team has gone down to the second division l'équipe est redescendue en deuxième division ;
    10 ( be remembered) he will go down as a great statesman on se souviendra de lui comme d'un grand homme d'État ;
    11 ( be recorded) être noté ; it all goes down in her diary elle note tout dans son journal ;
    12 ( continue) the book goes down to 1939 le livre va jusqu'en 1939 ; if you go down to the second last line you will see that si vous regardez à l'avant-dernière ligne, vous verrez que ;
    13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;
    14 ○ GB ( be sent to prison) être envoyé en prison ;
    15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;
    ▶ go down [sth]
    1 lit descendre [hill] ; descendre dans [mine] ;
    2 ( be downgraded) to go down a class Sch redescendre d'une classe.
    ▶ go down on [sth] ( set) [sun] se coucher sur ; when the sun went down on the Roman Empire fig quand l'empire romain commençait à décliner ;
    ▶ go down on [sb] ● ( have oral sex with) tailler une pipe à ● [man] ; faire minette à ● [woman].
    ■ go for:
    ▶ go for [sb/sth]
    1 ○ (favour, have liking for) craquer ○ pour [person, physical type] ; aimer [style of music, literature etc] ; he really goes for blondes il craque ○ pour or il adore les blondes ; I don't go much for modern art je ne suis pas emballé ○ par l'art moderne, je n'aime pas tellement l'art moderne ;
    2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s'appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c'est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c'est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s'applique à lui aussi! ;
    ▶ go for [sb]
    1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l'ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb's throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l'a vraiment incendié!, elle s'en est prise violemment à lui! ;
    2 he has a lot going for him il a beaucoup de choses pour lui ;
    ▶ go for [sth]
    1 ( attempt to achieve) essayer d'obtenir [honour, victory] ; she's going for the gold medal/world record elle vise la médaille d'or/le record mondial ; go for it ○ ! vas-y, fonce ○ ! ; the company is going for a new image l'entreprise cherche à se donner une nouvelle image ; the team is going for a win against Italy l'équipe compte bien gagner contre l'Italie ;
    2 ( choose) choisir, prendre ; I'll go for the blue one je prendrai le bleu.
    ■ go forth sout [person] ( go out) sortir ; ( go forward) aller, avancer ; go forth and multiply allez et multipliez-vous.
    ■ go forward(s) avancer.
    ■ go in
    1 ( enter) entrer ; ( go back in) rentrer ;
    2 Mil [army, troops] attaquer ; the troops went in at dawn les troupes ont attaqué à l'aube ;
    3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.
    ■ go in for:
    ▶ go in for [sth]
    1 ( be keen on) aimer [sport, hobby etc] ; I don't go in for sports much je n'aime pas tellement le sport ; he goes in for opera in a big way il adore l'opéra, c'est un fou d'opéra ○ ; we don't go in for that sort of thing nous n'aimons pas ce genre de chose ; they don't go in much for foreign languages at Ben's school ils ne s'intéressent pas beaucoup aux langues étrangères dans l'école de Ben ;
    2 ( take up) to go in for teaching entrer dans l'enseignement ; to go in for politics se lancer dans la politique ;
    3 ( take part in) s'inscrire à [exam, competition].
    ■ go into:
    ▶ go into [sth]
    1 ( enter) entrer dans ; fig ( take up) se lancer dans ; to go into hospital entrer à l'hôpital ; to go into parliament entrer au parlement ; to go into politics/business se lancer dans la politique/les affaires ;
    2 (examine, investigate) étudier ; we need to go into the question of funding il faut que nous étudiions la question du financement ;
    3 (explain, describe) I won't go into why I did it je n'expliquerai pas pourquoi je l'ai fait ; let's not go into that now laissons cela de côté pour l'instant ;
    4 ( launch into) se lancer dans ; she went into a long explanation of what had happened elle s'est lancée dans une longue explication de ce qui s'était passé ;
    5 ( be expended) a lot of work/money went into this project beaucoup de travail/d'argent a été investi dans ce projet ; a lot of effort went into organizing the party l'organisation de la soirée a demandé beaucoup de travail ;
    6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.
    ▶ go in with [sb] se joindre à [person, ally, organization] ; he went in with us to buy the present il s'est mis avec nous pour acheter le cadeau.
    ■ go off:
    ▶ go off
    1 (explode, fire) [bomb] exploser ; the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti ;
    2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;
    3 ( depart) partir, s'en aller ; he went off to work il est parti au travail ; she went off to find a spade elle est allée chercher une pelle ; they went off together ils sont partis ensemble ;
    4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s'avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one's attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu'avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he's gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s'est dégradé ;
    5 ○ ( fall asleep) s'endormir ;
    6 ( cease to operate) [lights, heating] s'éteindre ;
    7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s'est très bien passé ;
    8 Theat quitter la scène ;
    ▶ go off [sb/sth] GB I used to like him but I've gone off him je l'aimais bien avant, mais je ne l'aime plus tellement ; I've gone off opera/whisky je n'aime plus tellement l'opéra/le whisky ; I think she's gone off the idea je crois qu'elle a renoncé à l'idée.
    ▶ go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who's gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?
    ■ go on:
    ▶ go on
    1 (happen, take place) se passer ; what's going on? qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; there's a party going on upstairs il y a une fête en haut ; how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure? ; a lot of stealing goes on il y a beaucoup de vols ; a lot of drinking goes on at Christmas time les gens boivent beaucoup à Noël ;
    2 ( continue on one's way) poursuivre son chemin ;
    3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we're all listening! continue, nous t'écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you're always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he'll get into trouble! s'il continue comme ça, il va s'attirer des ennuis ; we can't go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s'est prolongée jusque dans l'après-midi ; you can't go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here's £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ○ ! allons donc! ;
    4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;
    5 ( keep talking) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch, parler de qch à n'en plus finir ; he was going on about the war il parlait de la guerre à n'en plus finir ; don't go on about it! arrête de parler de ça!, change de disque! ; she went on and on about it elle en a fait toute une histoire ; he does tend to go on a bit! il a tendance à radoter ○ ! ; the way she goes on, you'd think she was an expert on the subject! à l'entendre, on croirait qu'elle est experte en la matière! ;
    6 ( proceed) passer ; let's go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;
    7 ( go into operation) [heating, lights] s'allumer ;
    8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;
    9 ( approach) it's going on three o'clock il est presque trois heures ; she's four going on five elle va sur ses cinq ans ; he's thirty going on three hum il a trente ans mais il pourrait bien en avoir trois ;
    10 ( fit) these gloves won't go on ces gants ne m'iront pas ; the lid won't go on properly le couvercle ne ferme pas bien ;
    ▶ go on [sth] se fonder sur [piece of evidence, information] ; that's all we've got to go on tout ce que nous savons avec certitude ; we've got nothing else to go on nous n'avons pas d'autre point de départ ; the police haven't got much evidence to go on la police n'a pas beaucoup de preuves à l'appui.
    ■ go on at:
    ▶ go on at [sb] s'en prendre à [person] ; he's always going on at me for writing badly il s'en prend toujours à moi à cause de ma mauvaise écriture ; they're always going on at us about deadlines ils sont toujours sur notre dos pour des histoires de délais.
    ■ go out
    1 (leave, depart) sortir ; she went out of the room elle a quitté la pièce, elle est sortie de la pièce ; to go out walking aller se promener ; to go out for a drink aller prendre un verre ; they go out a lot ils sortent beaucoup ; she likes going out elle aime sortir ; she had to go out to work at 14 il a fallu qu'elle aille travailler à 14 ans ;
    2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she's gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l'Australie/l'Afrique ;
    3 ( have relationship) to go out with sb sortir avec qn ; they've been going out together for six weeks ils sortent ensemble depuis six semaines ;
    4 [tide] descendre ; the tide is going out la marée descend, la mer se retire ;
    5 Ind ( go on strike) se mettre en grève ;
    6 ( become unfashionable) passer de mode ; ( no longer be used) ne plus être utilisé ; mini-skirts went out in the 1970s les mini-jupes ont passé de mode dans les années 70 ; gas went out and electricity came in l'électricité a remplacé le gaz ;
    7 ( be extinguished) [fire, light] s'éteindre ;
    8 ( be sent) [invitation, summons] être envoyé ; ( be published) [journal, magazine] être publié ; Radio, TV ( be broadcast) être diffusé ;
    9 ( be announced) word went out that he was coming back le bruit a couru qu'il revenait ; the news went out from Washington that Washington a annoncé que ;
    10 ( be eliminated) gen, Sport être éliminé ; she went out in the early stages of the competition elle a été éliminée au début de la compétition ;
    11 (expressing compassion, sympathy) my heart goes out to them je les plains de tout mon cœur, je suis de tout cœur avec eux ; our thoughts go out to absent friends nos pensées vont vers nos amis absents ;
    12 ( disappear) all the spirit seemed to have gone out of her elle semblait avoir perdu tout son entrain ; the romance seemed to have gone out of their relationship leur relation semblait avoir perdu tout son charme ;
    13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;
    14 ( in cards) terminer.
    ■ go over:
    ▶ go over
    1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s'est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l'antenne à Washington pour plus d'informations ;
    2 ( be received) how did his speech go over? comment est-ce que son discours a été reçu? ; his speech went over well son discours a été bien reçu ; to go over big ○ avoir un grand succès ;
    3 ( switch over) he went over to Labour from the Conservatives il est passé du parti des conservateurs au parti des travaillistes ; to go over to the other side fig passer dans l'autre camp ; we've gone over to gas (central heating) nous sommes passés au chauffage central au gaz ; to go over to Islam se convertir à l'Islam ;
    ▶ go over [sth]
    1 ( review) passer [qch] en revue [details] ; she went over the events of the day in her mind elle a passé en revue les événements de la journée ; we've gone over the details again and again nous avons déjà passé les détails en revue mille fois ; to go over one's lines ( actor) répéter son texte ; there's no point in going over old ground il n'y a aucune raison de revenir là-dessus ;
    2 (check, inspect) vérifier [accounts, figures] ; revoir [facts, piece of work] ; I want to go over this article once more before I hand it in je veux relire cet article une dernière fois avant de le remettre ; to go over a house faire le tour d'une maison ;
    3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l'avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;
    4 to go over a sketch in ink repasser un dessin à l'encre ;
    5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don't go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.
    ■ go round GB:
    1 ( turn) [wheel, propeller etc] tourner ; the wheels went round and round les roues n'ont pas arrêté de tourner ; my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne ;
    2 ( call round) to go round to see sb aller voir qn ; he's gone round to Anna's il est allé chez Anna ;
    3 ( suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round il n'y a pas assez de nourriture/d'argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;
    4 ( circulate) there's a rumour going round that le bruit court que ;
    5 ( make detour) faire un détour ; we had to go round the long way ou the long way round il a fallu qu'on prenne un chemin plus long ; I had to go round by the bridge il a fallu que je passe par or que je fasse un détour par le pont ;
    ▶ go round [sth] ( visit) faire le tour de [shops, house, museum].
    1 ( come in) entrer ; if you'll just go (on) through, I'll tell them you're here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;
    2 ( be approved) [law, agreement] passer ; the law failed to go through la loi n'est pas passée ; the divorce hasn't gone through yet le divorce n'a pas encore été prononcé ;
    3 ( be successfully completed) [business deal] être conclu ;
    ▶ go through [sth]
    1 ( undergo) endurer, subir [experience, ordeal] ; ( pass through) passer par [stage, phase] ; in spite of all he's gone through malgré tout ce qu'il a enduré ; we've all gone through it nous sommes tous passés par là ; she's gone through a lot elle a beaucoup souffert ; he went through the day in a kind of daze toute la journée il a été dans un état second ; the country has gone through two civil wars le pays a connu deux guerres civiles ; to go through a crisis traverser une crise ; as you go through life au fur et à mesure que tu vieillis, en vieillissant ; you have to go through the switchboard/right authorities il faut passer par le standard/les autorités compétentes ; it went through my mind that l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit que ;
    2 (check, inspect) examiner, étudier ; ( rapidly) parcourir [documents, files, list] ; to go through one's mail parcourir son courrier ; let's go through the points one by one étudions or examinons les problèmes un par un ;
    3 ( search) fouiller [person's belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb's pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;
    4 (perform, rehearse) répéter [scene] ; expliquer [procedure] ; let's go through the whole scene once more répétons or reprenons toute la scène une dernière fois ; there are still a certain number of formalities to be gone through il y a encore un certain nombre de formalités à remplir ; I went through the whole procedure with him je lui ai expliqué comment il fallait procéder en détail ;
    5 (consume, use up) dépenser [money] ; we went through three bottles of wine nous avons bu or descendu ○ trois bouteilles de vin ; I've gone through the elbows of my jacket j'ai usé ma veste aux coudes.
    ▶ go through with [sth] réaliser, mettre [qch] à exécution [plan] ; in the end they decided to go through with the wedding finalement ils ont décidé de se marier ; I can't go through with it je ne peux pas le faire ; you'll have to go through with it now il va falloir que tu le fasses maintenant.
    1 ( harmonize) [colours, pieces of furniture etc] aller ensemble ; these colours don't go together ces couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ;
    2 ( entail each other) aller de pair ; poverty and crime often go together la pauvreté et le crime vont souvent de pair ;
    3 ○ †( have relationship) [couple] sortir ensemble.
    1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;
    2 fig ( succumb) [person] succomber ; ( go bankrupt) [business, company] faire faillite.
    ■ go up:
    ▶ go up
    1 ( ascend) monter ; to go up to bed monter se coucher ; they've gone up to London ils sont allés or montés à Londres ; they've gone up to Scotland ils sont allés en Écosse ; ‘going up!’ ( in elevator) ‘on monte!’ ;
    2 ( rise) [price, temperature] monter ; Theat [curtain] se lever (on sur) ; petrol has gone up (in price) (le prix de) l'essence a augmenté ; unemployment is going up le chômage augmente or est en hausse ; our membership has gone up le nombre de nos adhérents a augmenté ; a cry went up from the crowd un cri est monté or s'est élevé de la foule ;
    3 ( be erected) [building] être construit ; [poster] être affiché ; new office blocks are going up all over the place on construit de nouveaux immeubles un peu partout ;
    4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;
    5 GB Univ ( start university) entrer à l'université ; ( start term) reprendre les cours ;
    6 ( be upgraded) the team has gone up to the first division l'équipe est passée en première division ;
    7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu'en 1990 ;
    ▶ go up [sth]
    1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;
    2 to go up a class Sch passer dans une classe supérieure.
    ■ go with:
    ▶ go with [sth]
    1 (match, suit) aller avec ; your shirt goes with your blue eyes ta chemise va bien avec tes yeux bleus ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;
    2 ( accompany) aller de pair avec ; the car goes with the job la voiture va de pair avec la situation ; the responsibilities that go with parenthood les responsabilités qui vont de pair avec le fait d'être parent ;
    ▶ go with [sb] ( date) sortir avec ; ( have sex with) coucher avec [person].
    ▶ go without s'en passer ; you'll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;
    ▶ go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries].

    Big English-French dictionary > go

  • 7 come

    come [kʌm]
    venir ⇒ 1 (a)-(d) se produire ⇒ 1 (e) exister ⇒ 1 (h) devenir ⇒ 1 (i) en venir à ⇒ 1 (j)
    (pt came [keɪm], pp come [kʌm])
    ∎ she won't come when she's called elle ne vient pas quand on l'appelle;
    ∎ here come the children voici les enfants qui arrivent;
    ∎ here he comes! le voilà qui arrive!;
    ∎ it's stuck - ah, no, it's coming! c'est coincé - ah, non, ça vient!;
    ∎ coming! j'arrive!;
    ∎ come here! venez ici!; (to dog) au pied!;
    ∎ come to the office tomorrow passez ou venez au bureau demain;
    ∎ he came to me for advice il est venu me demander conseil;
    ∎ you've come to the wrong person vous vous adressez à la mauvaise personne;
    ∎ you've come to the wrong place vous vous êtes trompé de chemin, vous faites fausse route;
    ∎ if you're looking for sun, you've come to the wrong place si c'est le soleil que vous cherchez, il ne fallait pas venir ici;
    ∎ come with me (accompany) venez avec moi, accompagnez-moi; (follow) suivez-moi;
    ∎ please come this way par ici ou suivez-moi s'il vous plaît;
    ∎ I come this way every week je passe par ici toutes les semaines;
    ∎ American come and look, come look venez voir;
    ∎ familiar come and get it! à la soupe!;
    ∎ he came whistling up the stairs il a monté l'escalier en sifflant;
    ∎ a car came hurtling round the corner une voiture a pris le virage à toute vitesse;
    ∎ to come and go (gen) aller et venir; figurative (pains, cramps etc) être intermittent;
    ∎ people are constantly coming and going il y a un va-et-vient continuel;
    ∎ fashions come and go la mode change tout le temps;
    ∎ after many years had come and gone après bien des années;
    ∎ familiar I don't know whether I'm coming or going je ne sais pas où j'en suis;
    ∎ you have come a long way vous êtes venu de loin; figurative (made progress) vous avez fait du chemin;
    ∎ the computer industry has come a very long way since then l'informatique a fait énormément de progrès depuis ce temps-là;
    ∎ also figurative to come running arriver en courant;
    ∎ we could see him coming a mile off on l'a vu venir avec ses gros sabots;
    ∎ figurative you could see it coming on l'a vu venir de loin, c'était prévisible;
    ∎ proverb everything comes to him who waits tout vient à point à qui sait attendre
    (b) (as guest, visitor) venir;
    ∎ can you come to my party on Saturday night? est-ce que tu peux venir à ma soirée samedi?;
    ∎ I'm sorry, I can't come (je suis) désolé, je ne peux pas venir;
    ∎ would you like to come for lunch/dinner? voulez-vous venir déjeuner/dîner?;
    ∎ I can only come for an hour or so je ne pourrai venir que pour une heure environ;
    ∎ come for a ride in the car viens faire un tour en voiture;
    ∎ she's come for her money elle est venue prendre son argent;
    ∎ I've got people coming (short stay) j'ai des invités; (long stay) il y a des gens qui viennent;
    ∎ Angela came and we had a chat Angela est venue et on a bavardé;
    ∎ they came for a week and stayed a month ils sont venus pour une semaine et ils sont restés un mois;
    ∎ he couldn't have come at a worse time il n'aurait pas pu tomber plus mal
    (c) (arrive) venir, arriver;
    ∎ to come in time/late arriver à temps/en retard;
    ∎ I've just come from the post office j'arrive de la poste à l'instant;
    ∎ we came to a small town nous sommes arrivés dans une petite ville;
    ∎ the time has come to tell the truth le moment est venu de dire la vérité;
    ∎ to come to the end of sth arriver à la fin de qch;
    ∎ I was coming to the end of my stay mon séjour touchait à sa fin;
    ∎ there will come a point when… il viendra un moment où…;
    ∎ when you come to the last coat of paint… quand tu en seras à la dernière couche de peinture…;
    ∎ (reach) her hair comes (down) to her waist ses cheveux lui arrivent à la taille;
    ∎ the mud came (up) to our knees la boue nous arrivait ou venait (jusqu') aux genoux
    (d) (occupy specific place, position) venir, se trouver;
    ∎ the address comes above the date l'adresse se met au-dessus de la date;
    ∎ my birthday comes before yours mon anniversaire vient avant ou précède le tien;
    ∎ a colonel comes before a lieutenant un colonel a la préséance sur un lieutenant;
    ∎ Friday comes after Thursday vendredi vient après ou suit jeudi;
    ∎ that speech comes in Act 3/on page 10 on trouve ce discours dans l'acte 3/à la page 10;
    ∎ the fireworks come next le feu d'artifice est après;
    ∎ what comes after the performance? qu'est-ce qu'il y a après la représentation?
    (e) (occur, happen) arriver, se produire;
    ∎ when my turn comes, when it comes to my turn quand ce sera (à) mon tour, quand mon tour viendra;
    ∎ such an opportunity only comes once in your life une telle occasion ne se présente qu'une fois dans la vie;
    ∎ he has a birthday coming son anniversaire approche;
    ∎ there's a storm coming un orage se prépare;
    ∎ success was a long time coming la réussite s'est fait attendre;
    ∎ take life as it comes prenez la vie comme elle vient;
    ∎ Christmas comes but once a year il n'y a qu'un Noël par an;
    ∎ Bible it came to pass that… il advint que…;
    ∎ come what may advienne que pourra, quoi qu'il arrive ou advienne
    ∎ the idea just came to me one day l'idée m'est soudain venue un jour;
    ∎ suddenly it came to me (I remembered) tout d'un coup, je m'en suis souvenu; (I had an idea) tout d'un coup, j'ai eu une idée;
    ∎ I said the first thing that came into my head or that came to mind j'ai dit la première chose qui m'est venue à l'esprit;
    ∎ the answer came to her elle a trouvé la réponse
    ∎ writing comes naturally to her écrire lui est facile, elle est douée pour l'écriture;
    ∎ a house doesn't come cheap une maison coûte ou revient cher;
    ∎ the news came as a shock to her la nouvelle lui a fait un choc;
    ∎ her visit came as a surprise sa visite nous a beaucoup surpris;
    ∎ it comes as no surprise to learn he's gone (le fait) qu'il soit parti n'a rien de surprenant;
    ∎ he's as silly as they come il est sot comme pas un;
    ∎ they don't come any tougher than Big Al on ne fait pas plus fort que Big Al;
    ∎ it'll all come right in the end tout cela va finir par s'arranger;
    ∎ the harder they come the harder they fall plus dure sera la chute
    (h) (be available) exister;
    ∎ this table comes in two sizes cette table existe ou se fait en deux dimensions;
    ∎ the dictionary comes with a magnifying glass le dictionnaire est livré avec une loupe
    (i) (become) devenir;
    ∎ it was a dream come true c'était un rêve devenu réalité;
    ∎ to come unhooked se décrocher;
    ∎ to come unravelled se défaire;
    ∎ the buttons on my coat keep coming undone mon manteau se déboutonne toujours
    (j) (+ infinitive) (indicating gradual action) en venir à, finir par; (indicating chance) arriver;
    ∎ she came to trust him elle en est venue à ou elle a fini par lui faire confiance;
    ∎ we have come to expect this kind of thing nous nous attendons à ce genre de chose maintenant;
    ∎ how did you come to lose your umbrella? comment as-tu fait pour perdre ton parapluie?;
    ∎ how did the door come to be open? comment se fait-il que la porte soit ouverte?;
    ∎ (now that I) come to think of it maintenant que j'y songe, réflexion faite;
    ∎ it's not much money when you come to think of it ce n'est pas beaucoup d'argent quand vous y réfléchissez
    (k) (be owing, payable)
    ∎ I still have £5 coming (to me) on me doit encore 5 livres;
    ∎ there'll be money coming from her uncle's will elle va toucher l'argent du testament de son oncle;
    ∎ he got all the credit coming to him il a eu tous les honneurs qu'il méritait;
    ∎ familiar you'll get what's coming to you tu l'auras cherché ou voulu;
    ∎ familiar he had it coming (to him) il ne l'a pas volé
    ∎ a smile came to her lips un sourire parut sur ses lèvres ou lui vint aux lèvres
    ∎ how come? comment ça?;
    ∎ familiar come again? quoi?;
    ∎ American how's it coming? comment ça va?;
    ∎ come to that à propos, au fait;
    ∎ I haven't seen her in weeks, or her husband, come to that ça fait des semaines que je ne l'ai pas vue, son mari non plus d'ailleurs;
    ∎ if it comes to that, I'd rather stay home à ce moment-là ou à ce compte-là, je préfère rester à la maison;
    ∎ don't come the fine lady with me! ne fais pas la grande dame ou ne joue pas à la grande dame avec moi!;
    ∎ don't come the innocent! ne fais pas l'innocent!;
    ∎ British familiar you're coming it a bit strong! tu y vas un peu fort!;
    ∎ British familiar don't come it with me! (try to impress) n'essaie pas de m'en mettre plein la vue!; (lord it over) pas la peine d'être si hautain avec moi!;
    ∎ the days to come les prochains jours, les jours qui viennent;
    ∎ the battle to come la bataille qui va avoir lieu;
    ∎ Religion the life to come l'autre vie;
    ∎ in times to come à l'avenir;
    ∎ for some time to come pendant quelque temps;
    ∎ that will not be for some time to come ce ne sera pas avant quelque temps
    ∎ (by) come tomorrow/Tuesday you'll feel better vous vous sentirez mieux demain/mardi;
    ∎ I'll have been here two years come April ça fera deux ans en avril que je suis là;
    ∎ come the revolution you'll all be out of a job avec la révolution, vous vous retrouverez tous au chômage
    ∎ come, come!, come now! allons!, voyons!
    4 noun
    vulgar (semen) foutre m
    (a) (occur) arriver, se produire;
    ∎ it came about that… il arriva ou il advint que…;
    ∎ how could such a mistake come about? comment une telle erreur a-t-elle pu se produire?;
    ∎ the discovery of penicillin came about quite by accident la pénicilline a été découverte tout à fait par hasard
    (b) Nautical (wind) tourner, changer de direction; (ship) virer de bord
    (a) (walk, travel across → field, street) traverser;
    ∎ as we stood talking she came across to join us pendant que nous discutions, elle est venue se joindre à nous
    ∎ to come across well/badly (at interview) faire une bonne/mauvaise impression, bien/mal passer; (on TV) bien/mal passer;
    ∎ he never comes across as well on film as in the theatre il passe mieux au théâtre qu'à l'écran;
    ∎ he came across as a total idiot il donnait l'impression d'être complètement idiot
    ∎ the author's message comes across well le message de l'auteur passe bien;
    ∎ her disdain for his work came across le mépris qu'elle avait pour son travail transparaissait
    (d) familiar (do as promised) s'exécuter□, tenir parole□
    (person) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (thing) trouver par hasard, tomber sur;
    ∎ we came across an interesting problem on a été confrontés à ou on est tombés sur un problème intéressant;
    ∎ she reads everything she comes across elle lit tout ce qui lui tombe sous la main
    familiar (give → information) donner□, fournir□ ; (→ help) offrir□ ; (→ money) raquer, se fendre de;
    ∎ he came across with the money he owed me il m'a filé le fric qu'il me devait;
    (pursue) poursuivre;
    ∎ he came after me with a stick il m'a poursuivi avec un bâton
    (a) (encouraging, urging)
    ∎ come along, drink your medicine! allez, prends ou bois ton médicament!;
    ∎ come along, we're late! dépêche-toi, nous sommes en retard!
    (b) (accompany) venir, accompagner;
    ∎ she asked me to come along (with them) elle m'a invité à aller avec eux ou à les accompagner
    (c) (occur, happen) arriver, se présenter;
    ∎ an opportunity like this doesn't come along often une telle occasion ne se présente pas souvent;
    ∎ don't accept the first job that comes along ne prenez pas le premier travail qui se présente;
    ∎ he married the first woman that came along il a épousé la première venue
    (d) (progress) avancer, faire des progrès; (grow) pousser;
    ∎ the patient is coming along well le patient se remet bien;
    ∎ the work isn't coming along as expected le travail n'avance pas comme prévu;
    ∎ how's your computer class coming along? comment va ton cours d'informatique?
    (object → come to pieces) se démonter; (→ break) se casser; (project, policy) échouer;
    ∎ to come apart at the seams (garment) se défaire aux coutures;
    ∎ the book came apart in my hands le livre est tombé en morceaux quand je l'ai pris;
    ∎ figurative under pressure he came apart sous la pression il a craqué
    (attack) attaquer, se jeter sur;
    ∎ he came at me with a knife il s'est jeté sur moi avec un couteau;
    ∎ figurative questions came at me from all sides j'ai été assailli de questions
    (a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;
    ∎ come away from that door! écartez-vous de cette porte!;
    ∎ I came away with the distinct impression that all was not well je suis reparti avec la forte impression que quelque chose n'allait pas;
    ∎ he asked her to come away with him (elope) il lui a demandé de s'enfuir avec lui; British (go on holiday) il lui a demandé de partir avec lui
    (b) (separate) partir, se détacher;
    ∎ the page came away in my hands la page m'est restée dans les mains
    (a) (return) revenir;
    ∎ he came back with me il est revenu avec moi;
    ∎ to come back home rentrer (à la maison);
    ∎ figurative the colour came back to her cheeks elle reprit des couleurs;
    ∎ we'll come back to that question later nous reviendrons à cette question plus tard;
    ∎ to come back to what we were saying pour en revenir à ce que nous disions
    ∎ it's all coming back to me tout cela me revient (à l'esprit ou à la mémoire);
    ∎ her name will come back to me later son nom me reviendra plus tard
    (c) (reply) répondre; American (retort) rétorquer, répliquer;
    ∎ they came back with an argument in favour of the project ils ont répondu par un argument en faveur du projet
    (d) (recover) remonter;
    ∎ he came back strongly in the second set il a bien remonté au deuxième set;
    ∎ they came back from 3-0 down ils ont remonté de 3 à 0
    (e) (become fashionable again) revenir à la mode; (make comeback) faire un come-back
    Law (of person) comparaître devant; (of case) être entendu par
    brouiller, éloigner;
    ∎ he came between her and her friend il l'a brouillée avec son amie, il l'a éloignée de son amie;
    ∎ we mustn't let a small disagreement come between us nous n'allons pas nous disputer à cause d'un petit malentendu
    ➲ come by
    (stop by) passer, venir
    (acquire → work, money) obtenir, se procurer; (→ idea) se faire;
    ∎ jobs are hard to come by il est difficile de trouver du travail;
    ∎ how did you come by this camera/those bruises? comment as-tu fait pour avoir cet appareil-photo/ces bleus?;
    ∎ how did she come by all that money? comment s'est-elle procuré tout cet argent?;
    ∎ how on earth did he come by that idea? où est-il allé chercher cette idée?
    (descend → ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ mountain) descendre, faire la descente de
    (a) (descend → from ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ from mountain etc) descendre, faire la descente; (plane → crash) s'écraser; (→ land) atterrir;
    ∎ to come down to breakfast descendre déjeuner ou prendre le petit déjeuner;
    ∎ come down from that tree! descends de cet arbre!;
    ∎ they came down to Paris ils sont descendus à Paris;
    ∎ hem-lines are coming down this year les jupes rallongent cette année;
    ∎ he's come down in the world il a déchu;
    ∎ you'd better come down to earth tu ferais bien de revenir sur terre ou de descendre des nues
    (b) (fall) tomber;
    ∎ rain was coming down in sheets il pleuvait des cordes;
    ∎ the ceiling came down le plafond s'est effondré
    (c) (reach) descendre;
    ∎ the dress comes down to my ankles la robe descend jusqu'à mes chevilles;
    ∎ her hair came down to her waist les cheveux lui tombaient ou descendaient jusqu'à la taille
    (d) (decrease) baisser;
    ∎ he's ready to come down 10 percent on the price il est prêt à rabattre ou baisser le prix de 10 pour cent
    (e) (be passed down) être transmis (de père en fils);
    ∎ this custom comes down from the Romans cette coutume nous vient des Romains;
    ∎ the necklace came down to her from her great-aunt elle tient ce collier de sa grand-tante
    (f) (reach a decision) se prononcer;
    ∎ the majority came down in favour of/against abortion la majorité s'est prononcée en faveur de/contre l'avortement;
    ∎ to come down on sb's side décider en faveur de qn
    (g) (be removed) être défait ou décroché;
    ∎ that wallpaper will have to come down il va falloir enlever ce papier peint;
    ∎ the Christmas decorations are coming down today aujourd'hui, on enlève les décorations de Noël;
    ∎ the tree will have to come down (be felled) il faut abattre cet arbre;
    ∎ these houses are coming down soon on va bientôt démolir ces maisons
    (h) British University obtenir son diplôme
    (i) familiar drugs slang redescendre
    (a) (rebuke) s'en prendre à;
    ∎ the boss came down hard on him le patron lui a passé un de ces savons;
    ∎ one mistake and he'll come down on you like a ton of bricks si tu fais la moindre erreur, il te tombera sur le dos
    ∎ they came down on me to sell the land ils ont essayé de me faire vendre le terrain□
    (amount) se réduire à, se résumer à;
    ∎ it all comes down to what you want to do tout cela dépend de ce que vous souhaitez faire;
    ∎ it all comes down to the same thing tout cela revient au même;
    ∎ that's what his argument comes down to voici à quoi se réduit son raisonnement
    (become ill) attraper;
    ∎ he came down with a cold il s'est enrhumé, il a attrapé un rhume
    (present oneself) se présenter;
    ∎ more women are coming forward as candidates davantage de femmes présentent leur candidature;
    ∎ the police have appealed for witnesses to come forward la police a demandé aux témoins de se faire connaître
    ∎ the townspeople came forward with supplies les habitants de la ville ont offert des provisions;
    ∎ he came forward with a new proposal il a fait une nouvelle proposition;
    ∎ Law to come forward with evidence présenter des preuves
    venir;
    ∎ she comes from China elle vient ou elle est originaire de Chine;
    ∎ to come from a good family être issu ou venir d'une bonne famille;
    ∎ this word comes from Latin ce mot vient du latin;
    ∎ this wine comes from the south of France ce vin vient du sud de la France;
    ∎ this passage comes from one of his novels ce passage est extrait ou provient d'un de ses romans;
    ∎ that's surprising coming from him c'est étonnant de sa part;
    ∎ a sob came from his throat un sanglot s'est échappé de sa gorge;
    ∎ familiar I'm not sure where he's coming from je ne sais pas très bien ce qui le motive□
    (a) (enter) entrer; (come inside) rentrer;
    ∎ come in! entrez!;
    ∎ they came in through the window ils sont entrés par la fenêtre;
    ∎ come in now, children, it's getting dark rentrez maintenant, les enfants, il commence à faire nuit;
    ∎ British familiar Mrs Brown comes in twice a week (to clean) Madame Brown vient (faire le ménage) deux fois par semaine
    (b) (plane, train) arriver
    ∎ she came in second elle est arrivée deuxième
    (d) (be received → money, contributions) rentrer;
    ∎ there isn't enough money coming in to cover expenditure l'argent qui rentre ne suffit pas à couvrir les dépenses;
    ∎ how much do you have coming in every week? combien touchez-vous ou encaissez-vous chaque semaine?
    (e) Press (news, report) être reçu;
    ∎ news is just coming in of a riot in Red Square on nous annonce à l'instant des émeutes sur la place Rouge
    ∎ come in car number 1, over j'appelle voiture 1, à vous;
    ∎ come in Barry Stewart from New York à vous, Barry Stewart à New York
    (g) (become seasonable) être de saison; (become fashionable) entrer en vogue;
    ∎ when do endives come in? quand commence la saison des endives?;
    ∎ leather has come in le cuir est à la mode ou en vogue
    ∎ to come in handy or useful (tool, gadget) être utile ou commode; (contribution) arriver à point;
    ∎ these gloves come in handy or useful for driving ces gants sont bien commodes ou utiles pour conduire
    (i) (be involved) être impliqué; (participate) participer, intervenir;
    ∎ where do I come in? quel est mon rôle là-dedans?;
    ∎ this is where the law comes in c'est là que la loi intervient;
    ∎ he should come in on the deal il devrait participer à l'opération;
    ∎ I'd like to come in on this (conversation) j'aimerais dire quelques mots là-dessus ou à ce sujet
    (j) (tide) monter
    (be object of → abuse, reproach) subir;
    ∎ to come in for criticism être critiqué, être l'objet de critiques;
    ∎ the government came in for a lot of criticism over its handling of the crisis le gouvernement a été très critiqué pour la façon dont il gère la crise;
    ∎ to come in for praise être félicité
    (be given a part in) prendre part à;
    ∎ they let him come in on the deal ils l'ont laissé prendre part à l'affaire
    (a) (inherit) hériter de; (acquire) entrer en possession de;
    ∎ to come into some money (inherit it) faire un héritage; (win it) gagner le gros lot;
    ∎ they came into a fortune (won) ils ont gagné une fortune; (inherited) ils ont hérité d'une fortune
    (b) (play a role in) jouer un rôle;
    ∎ it's not simply a matter of pride, though pride does come into it ce n'est pas une simple question de fierté, bien que la fierté joue un certain rôle;
    ∎ money doesn't come into it! l'argent n'a rien à voir là-dedans!
    résulter de;
    ∎ what will come of it? qu'en adviendra-t-il?, qu'en résultera-t-il?;
    ∎ no good will come from or of it ça ne mènera à rien de bon, il n'en résultera rien de bon;
    ∎ let me know what comes of the meeting faites-moi savoir ce qui ressortira de la réunion;
    ∎ that's what comes from listening to you! voilà ce qui arrive quand on vous écoute!
    (a) (fall off → of rider) tomber de; (→ of button) se détacher de, se découdre de; (→ of handle, label) se détacher de; (of tape, wallpaper) se détacher de, se décoller de; (be removed → of stain, mark) partir de, s'enlever de
    (b) (stop taking → drug, medicine) arrêter de prendre; (→ drink) arrêter de boire;
    ∎ to come off the pill arrêter (de prendre) la pilule
    (c) (climb down from, leave → wall, ladder etc) descendre de;
    ∎ to come off a ship/plane débarquer d'un navire/d'un avion;
    ∎ I've just come off the night shift (finished work) je viens de quitter l'équipe de nuit; (finished working nights) je viens de finir le travail de nuit
    (d) Football (field) sortir de
    ∎ oh, come off it! allez, arrête ton char!
    (a) (rider) tomber; (button) se détacher, se découdre; (handle, label) se détacher; (stain, mark) partir, s'enlever; (tape, wallpaper) se détacher, se décoller;
    ∎ the handle came off in his hand la poignée lui est restée dans la main
    (c) (fare, manage) s'en sortir, se tirer de;
    ∎ you came off well in the competition tu t'en es bien tiré au concours;
    ∎ to come off best gagner
    (d) familiar (happen) avoir lieu□, se passer□ ; (be carried through) se réaliser□ ; (succeed) réussir□ ;
    ∎ did the game come off all right? le match s'est bien passé?;
    ∎ my trip to China didn't come off mon voyage en Chine n'a pas eu lieu;
    ∎ his plan didn't come off son projet est tombé à l'eau
    (e) Cinema & Theatre (film, play) fermer
    (a) (follow) suivre;
    ∎ I'll come on after (you) je vous suivrai
    (b) (in imperative) come on! (with motion, encouraging, challenging) vas-y!, allez!; (hurry) allez!; familiar (expressing incredulity) tu rigoles!;
    ∎ come on Scotland! allez l'Écosse!;
    ∎ come on in/up! entre/monte donc!;
    ∎ oh, come on, for goodness sake! allez, arrête!
    (c) (progress) avancer, faire des progrès; (grow) pousser, venir bien;
    ∎ how is your work coming on? où en est votre travail?;
    ∎ my roses are coming on nicely mes rosiers se portent bien;
    ∎ her new book is coming on quite well son nouveau livre avance bien;
    ∎ he's coming on in physics il fait des progrès en physique
    (d) (begin → illness) se déclarer; (→ storm) survenir, éclater; (→ season) arriver;
    ∎ as night came on quand la nuit a commençé à tomber;
    ∎ it's coming on to rain il va pleuvoir;
    ∎ I feel a headache/cold coming on je sens un mal de tête qui commence/que je m'enrhume
    (e) (start functioning → electricity, gas, heater, lights, radio) s'allumer; (→ motor) se mettre en marche; (→ utilities at main) être mis en service;
    ∎ has the water come on? y a-t-il de l'eau?
    (f) (behave, act)
    ∎ don't come on all macho with me! ne joue pas les machos avec moi!;
    ∎ familiar you came on a bit strong tu y es allé un peu fort
    (g) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène; (play) être joué ou représenté;
    ∎ his new play is coming on on va donner sa nouvelle pièce
    (a) (proceed to consider) aborder, passer à;
    ∎ I want to come on to the issue of epidemics je veux passer à la question des épidémies
    ∎ she was coming on to me in a big way elle me draguait à fond
    (a) (exit, go out socially) sortir;
    ∎ as we came out of the theatre au moment où nous sommes sortis du théâtre;
    ∎ would you like to come out with me tonight? est-ce que tu veux sortir avec moi ce soir?;
    ∎ figurative if he'd only come out of himself or out of his shell si seulement il sortait de sa coquille
    (b) (make appearance → stars, sun) paraître, se montrer; (→ flowers) sortir, éclore; figurative (→ book) paraître, être publié; (→ film) paraître, sortir; (→ new product) sortir;
    ∎ to come out in a rash (person) se couvrir de boutons, avoir une éruption;
    ∎ his nasty side came out sa méchanceté s'est manifestée;
    ∎ I didn't mean it the way it came out ce n'est pas ce que je voulais dire
    (c) (be revealed → news, secret) être divulgué ou révélé; (→ facts, truth) émerger, se faire jour;
    ∎ as soon as the news came out dès qu'on a su la nouvelle, dès que la nouvelle a été annoncée
    (d) (be removed → stain) s'enlever, partir; (colour → fade) passer, se faner; (→ run) déteindre;
    ∎ when do your stitches come out? quand est-ce qu'on t'enlève tes fils?
    ∎ to come out strongly (for/against) se prononcer avec vigueur (pour/contre);
    ∎ the governor came out against/for abortion le gouverneur s'est prononcé (ouvertement) contre/pour l'avortement;
    ∎ familiar to come out (of the closet) (homosexual) révéler (publiquement) son homosexualité□, faire son come-out
    (f) British (on strike) se mettre en ou faire grève
    (g) (emerge, finish up) se tirer d'affaire, s'en sortir; (in competition) se classer;
    ∎ the government came out of the deal badly le gouvernement s'est mal sorti de l'affaire;
    ∎ everything will come out fine tout va s'arranger;
    ∎ I came out top in maths j'étais premier en maths;
    ∎ to come out on top gagner
    (h) (go into society) faire ses débuts ou débuter dans le monde
    ∎ this sum won't come out je n'arrive pas à résoudre cette opération
    ∎ the pictures came out well/badly les photos étaient très bonnes/n'ont rien donné;
    ∎ the house didn't come out well la maison n'est pas très bien sur les photos
    (k) Computing (exit) sortir;
    ∎ to come out of a document sortir d'un document
    (amount to) s'élever à
    ∎ to come out in spots or a rash avoir une éruption de boutons
    (say) dire, sortir;
    ∎ what will he come out with next? qu'est-ce qu'il va nous sortir encore?;
    ∎ he finally came out with it il a fini par le sortir
    (a) (move, travel in direction of speaker) venir;
    ∎ at the party she came over to talk to me pendant la soirée, elle est venue me parler;
    ∎ do you want to come over this evening? tu veux venir à la maison ce soir?;
    ∎ his family came over with the early settlers sa famille est arrivée ou venue avec les premiers pionniers;
    ∎ I met him in the plane coming over je l'ai rencontré dans l'avion en venant
    (b) (stop by) venir, passer
    ∎ they came over to our side ils sont passés de notre côté;
    ∎ he finally came over to their way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à leur avis
    ∎ her speech came over well son discours a fait bon effet ou bonne impression;
    ∎ he came over as honest il a donné l'impression d'être honnête;
    ∎ he doesn't come over well on television il ne passe pas bien à la télévision;
    ∎ her voice comes over well sa voix passe ou rend bien
    (e) familiar (feel) devenir□ ;
    ∎ he came over all funny (felt ill) il s'est senti mal tout d'un coup, il a eu un malaise; (behaved oddly) il est devenu tout bizarre;
    ∎ to come over dizzy être pris de vertige;
    ∎ to come over faint être pris d'une faiblesse
    affecter, envahir;
    ∎ a change came over him un changement se produisit en lui;
    ∎ a feeling of fear came over him il a été saisi de peur, la peur s'est emparée de lui;
    ∎ what has come over him? qu'est-ce qui lui prend?
    (a) (make a detour) faire le détour;
    ∎ we came round by the factory nous sommes passés par ou nous avons fait le détour par l'usine
    (b) (stop by) passer, venir
    (c) (occur → regular event)
    ∎ don't wait for Christmas to come round n'attendez pas Noël;
    ∎ when the championships/elections come round au moment des championnats/élections;
    ∎ the summer holidays will soon be coming round again bientôt, ce sera de nouveau les grandes vacances
    (d) (change mind) changer d'avis;
    ∎ he finally came round to our way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à notre avis;
    ∎ they soon came round to the idea ils se sont faits à cette idée;
    ∎ (change to better mood) don't worry, she'll soon come round ne t'en fais pas, elle sera bientôt de meilleure humeur
    (e) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi; (get better) se remettre, se rétablir;
    ∎ she's coming round after a bout of pneumonia elle se remet d'une pneumonie
    (f) Nautical venir au vent
    ∎ his sense of conviction came through on voyait qu'il était convaincu;
    ∎ her enthusiasm comes through in her letters son enthousiasme se lit dans ses lettres;
    ∎ your call is coming through je vous passe votre communication;
    ∎ you're coming through loud and clear je vous reçois cinq sur cinq;
    ∎ figurative his message came through loud and clear son message a été reçu cinq sur cinq
    (b) (be granted, approved) se réaliser;
    ∎ did your visa come through? avez-vous obtenu votre visa?;
    ∎ my request for a transfer came through ma demande de mutation a été acceptée
    (c) (survive) survivre, s'en tirer
    ∎ he came through for us il a fait ce qu'on attendait de lui□ ;
    ∎ did he come through on his promise? a-t-il tenu parole?□ ;
    ∎ they came through with the documents ils ont fourni les documents□ ;
    ∎ he came through with the money il a rendu l'argent comme prévu□
    (a) (cross) traverser; figurative (penetrate) traverser;
    ∎ we came through marshland nous sommes passés par ou avons traversé des marais;
    ∎ the rain came through my coat la pluie a traversé mon manteau;
    ∎ water is coming through the roof l'eau s'infiltre par le toit
    ∎ they came through the accident without a scratch ils sont sortis de l'accident indemnes;
    ∎ I'm sure you will come through this crisis je suis sûr que tu te sortiras de cette crise;
    ∎ she came through the exam with flying colours elle a réussi l'examen avec brio
    ➲ come to
    (a) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi
    (b) Nautical (change course) venir au vent, lofer; (stop) s'arrêter
    ∎ when it comes to physics, she's a genius pour ce qui est de la physique, c'est un génie;
    ∎ when it comes to paying you can't see anyone for dust quand il faut payer, il n'y a plus personne
    (b) (amount to) s'élever à, se monter à;
    ∎ how much did dinner come to? à combien s'élevait le dîner?;
    ∎ her salary comes to £750 a month elle gagne 750 livres par mois;
    ∎ the plan never came to anything le projet n'a abouti à rien;
    ∎ that nephew of yours will never come to anything ton neveu n'arrivera jamais à rien
    (c) figurative (arrive at, reach)
    ∎ now we come to questions of health nous en venons maintenant aux questions de santé;
    ∎ he got what was coming to him il n'a eu que ce qu'il méritait;
    ∎ to come to a conclusion arriver à une conclusion;
    ∎ to come to power accéder au pouvoir;
    ∎ what is the world or what are things coming to? où va-t-on ?;
    ∎ what are things coming to when there aren't even enough hospital beds available? où va-t-on s'il n'y a pas assez de lits dans les hôpitaux?;
    ∎ I never thought it would come to this je ne me doutais pas qu'on en arriverait là;
    ∎ let's hope it won't come to that espérons que nous n'en arrivions pas là
    (a) (assemble) se réunir, se rassembler; (meet) se rencontrer;
    ∎ the two roads come together at this point les deux routes se rejoignent à cet endroit
    ∎ everything came together at the final performance tout s'est passé à merveille pour la dernière représentation□
    (a) (be subjected to → authority, control) dépendre de; (→ influence) tomber sous, être soumis à;
    ∎ the government is coming under pressure to lower taxes le gouvernement subit des pressions visant à réduire les impôts
    (b) (be classified under) être classé sous;
    ∎ that subject comes under "current events" ce sujet est classé ou se trouve sous la rubrique "actualités"
    (a) (move upwards) monter; (moon, sun) se lever
    ∎ I come up to town every Monday je viens en ville tous les lundis;
    ∎ they came up to Chicago ils sont venus à Chicago;
    ∎ to come up for air (diver) remonter à la surface; figurative (take break) faire une pause;
    ∎ she came up the hard way elle a réussi à la force du poignet;
    ∎ Military an officer who came up through the ranks un officier sorti du rang
    (c) (approach) s'approcher;
    ∎ to come up to sb s'approcher de qn, aborder qn;
    ∎ the students came up to him with their questions les étudiants sont venus le voir avec leurs questions;
    ∎ it's coming up to five o'clock il est presque cinq heures;
    ∎ coming up now on Channel 4, the seven o'clock news et maintenant, sur Channel 4, le journal de sept heures;
    ∎ familiar one coffee, coming up! et un café, un!
    (d) (plant) sortir, germer;
    ∎ my beans are coming up nicely mes haricots poussent bien
    (e) (come under consideration → matter) être soulevé, être mis sur le tapis; (→ question, problem) se poser, être soulevé; Law (→ accused) comparaître; (→ case) être entendu;
    ∎ that problem has never come up ce problème ne s'est jamais posé;
    ∎ the question of financing always comes up la question du financement se pose toujours;
    ∎ the subject came up twice in the conversation le sujet est revenu deux fois dans la conversation;
    ∎ your name came up twice on a mentionné votre nom deux fois;
    ∎ she comes up for re-election this year son mandat prend fin cette année;
    ∎ my contract is coming up for review mon contrat doit être révisé;
    ∎ to come up before the judge or the court (accused) comparaître devant le juge; (case) être entendu par la cour;
    ∎ her case comes up next Wednesday elle passe au tribunal mercredi prochain
    (f) (happen unexpectedly → event) survenir, surgir; (→ opportunity) se présenter;
    ∎ to deal with problems as they come up traiter les problèmes au fur et à mesure;
    ∎ she's ready for anything that might come up elle est prête à faire face à toute éventualité;
    ∎ I can't make it, something has come up je ne peux pas venir, j'ai un empêchement;
    ∎ I'll let you know if anything comes up (if I find further information) s'il y a du nouveau, je vous tiendrai au courant; (anything that is suitable) je vous tiendrai au courant si je vois quelque chose qui vous convienne
    (g) (intensify → wind) se lever; (→ light) s'allumer; (→ sound) s'intensifier;
    ∎ when the lights came up at the interval lorsque les lumières se rallumèrent à l'entracte
    ∎ everything she eats comes up (again) elle vomit ou rejette tout ce qu'elle mange
    (i) (colour, wood etc)
    ∎ the colour comes up well when it's cleaned la couleur revient bien au nettoyage
    (j) familiar (win) gagner□ ;
    ∎ did their number come up? (in lottery) ont-ils gagné au loto?; figurative est-ce qu'ils ont touché le gros lot?
    (be confronted with) rencontrer;
    ∎ they came up against some tough competition ils se sont heurtés à des concurrents redoutables
    (find unexpectedly → person) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (→ object) trouver par hasard, tomber sur;
    ∎ we came upon the couple just as they were kissing nous avons surpris le couple en train de s'embrasser
    (a) (reach) arriver à;
    ∎ the mud came up to their knees la boue leur montait ou arrivait jusqu'aux genoux;
    ∎ she comes up to his shoulder elle lui arrive à l'épaule;
    ∎ we're coming up to the halfway mark nous atteindrons bientôt la moitié
    ∎ his last book doesn't come up to the others son dernier livre ne vaut pas les autres;
    ∎ to come up to sb's expectations répondre à l'attente de qn;
    ∎ the play didn't come up to our expectations la pièce nous a déçus
    (offer, propose → money, loan) fournir; (think of → plan, suggestion) suggérer, proposer; (→ answer) trouver; (→ excuse) trouver, inventer;
    ∎ they came up with a wonderful idea ils ont eu une idée géniale;
    ∎ what will she come up with next? qu'est-ce qu'elle va encore inventer?
    ⓘ Come on down! Il s'agit de la formule consacrée du jeu télévisé The Price is Right (dont l'équivalent français est Le Juste prix) qui débuta en 1957 aux États-Unis, et dans les années 80 en Grande-Bretagne. L'animateur de l'émission prononçait ces paroles ("Descendez!") pour inviter les membres du public sélectionnés pour participer au jeu à venir le rejoindre sur la scène. Aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule plaisamment pour dire à quelqu'un d'approcher ou bien pour indiquer à quelqu'un qui doit prononcer un discours ou se produire sur scène qu'il est temps de prendre place.
    ⓘ Come up and see me sometime... Cette formule fut utilisée pour la première fois par Mae West dans le film de 1933 She Done Him Wrong (dont le titre français est Lady Lou); la citation exacte était en fait Why don't you come up sometime, see me? ("Pourquoi est-ce que tu ne monterais pas un de ces jours, pour me voir?"). Il s'agit de l'archétype de l'invitation au badinage. Encore aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule en imitant l'air canaille de Mae West.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > come

  • 8 take

    take ⇒ Sizes
    A n
    1 Cin prise f (de vues) ; ‘it's a take!’ ‘elle est bonne!’ ;
    2 Fishg, Hunt ( of fish) prise f ; ( of game) tableau m de chasse ;
    3 ○ Comm ( amount received) recette f.
    B vtr ( prét took ; pp taken)
    1 ( take hold of) prendre [object, money] ; to take sb by the arm/hand/throat prendre qn par le bras/par la main/à la gorge ; to take sb's arm/hand prendre le bras/la main de qn ; to take sth from prendre qch sur [shelf, table] ; prendre qch dans [drawer, box] ; to take sth out of sth sortir qch de qch ; the passage is taken from his latest book le passage est tiré de son dernier livre ;
    2 ( use violently) to take a knife/an axe to sb attaquer qn avec un couteau/une hache ;
    3 ( have by choice) prendre [bath, shower, holiday] ; to take lessons prendre des leçons (in de) ; we take a newspaper/three pints of milk every day nous prenons le journal/trois pintes de lait tous les jours ; we take the Gazette nous recevons la Gazette ; I'll take a pound of apples, please donnez-moi une livre de pommes, s'il vous plaît ; take a seat! asseyez-vous! ; to take a wife/a husband† prendre femme/un mari† ;
    4 ( carry along) emporter, prendre [object] ; emmener [person] ; to take sb to school/to work/to the hospital emmener qn à l'école/au travail/à l'hôpital ; to take a letter/a cheque to the post office porter une lettre/un chèque à la poste ; to take chairs into the garden porter des chaises dans le jardin ; to take the car to the garage emmener la voiture au garage ; the book? he's taken it with him le livre? il l'a emporté ; to take sb sth, to take sth to sb apporter qch à qn ; to take sb dancing/swimming emmener qn danser/se baigner ; to take sth upstairs/downstairs monter/descendre qch ; you can't take him anywhere! hum il n'est pas sortable! ;
    5 (lead, guide) I'll take you through the procedure je vous montrerai comment on procède ; to take the actors through the scene faire travailler la scène aux acteurs ; I'll take you up to the second floor/to your room je vais vous conduire au deuxième étage/à votre chambre ;
    6 ( transport) to take sb to [bus] conduire or emmener qn à [place] ; [road, path] conduire or mener qn à [place] ; his work takes him to many different countries son travail l'appelle à se déplacer dans beaucoup de pays différents ; what took you to Brussels? qu'est-ce que vous êtes allé faire à Bruxelles? ;
    7 ( use to get somewhere) prendre [bus, taxi, plane etc] ; prendre [road, path] ; take the first turn on the right/left prenez la première à droite/à gauche ;
    8 ( negotiate) [driver, car] prendre [corner, bend] ; [horse] sauter [fence] ;
    9 ( accept) accepter, recevoir [bribe, money] ; prendre [patients, pupils] ; accepter [job] ; prendre [phone call] ; [machine] accepter [coin] ; [shop, restaurant etc] accepter [credit card, cheque] ; [union, employee] accepter [reduction, cut] ; will you take £10 for the radio? je vous offre 10 livres sterling en échange de votre radio ; that's my last offer, take it or leave it ! c'est ma dernière proposition, c'est à prendre ou à laisser! ; whisky? I can take it or leave it! le whisky? je peux très bien m'en passer ;
    10 ( require) [activity, course of action] demander, exiger [patience, skill, courage] ; it takes patience/courage to do il faut de la patience/du courage pour faire ; it takes three hours/years etc to do il faut trois heures/ans etc pour faire ; it won't take long ça ne prendra pas longtemps ; it took her 10 minutes to repair it elle a mis 10 minutes pour le réparer ; the wall won't take long to build le mur sera vite construit ; it won't take long to do the washing-up la vaisselle sera vite faite ; it would take a genius/a strong person to do that il faudrait un génie/quelqu'un de robuste pour faire ça ; to have what it takes avoir tout ce qu'il faut (to do pour faire) ; typing all those letters in two hours will take some doing! ce ne sera pas facile de taper toutes ces lettres en deux heures! ; she'll take some persuading ce sera dur de la convaincre ;
    11 Ling [verb] prendre [object] ; [preposition] être suivi de [case] ;
    12 ( endure) supporter [pain, criticism] ; accepter [punishment, opinions] ; I find their attitude hard to take je trouve leur attitude difficile à accepter ; he can't take being criticized il ne supporte pas qu'on le critique ; she just sat there and took it! elle est restée là et ne s'est pas défendue ; he can't take a joke il ne sait pas prendre une plaisanterie ; go on, tell me, I can take it! vas-y, dis-le, je n'en mourrai pas ○ ! ; I can't take any more! je suis vraiment à bout! ;
    13 ( react to) prendre [news, matter, criticism, comments] ; to take sth well/badly bien/mal prendre qch ; to take sth seriously/lightly prendre qch au sérieux/à la légère ; to take things one ou a step at a time prendre les choses une par une ;
    14 ( assume) I take it that je suppose que ; to take sb for ou to be sth prendre qn pour qch ; what do you take me for? pour qui est-ce que tu me prends? ; what do you take this poem to mean? comment est-ce que vous interprétez ce poème? ;
    15 ( consider as example) prendre [person, example, case] ; take John (for example), he has brought up a family by himself prends John, il a élevé une famille tout seul ; let us ou if we take the situation in France prenons la situation en France ; take Stella, she never complains! regarde Stella, elle ne se plaint jamais! ;
    16 ( adopt) adopter [view, attitude, measures, steps] ; to take a soft/tough line on sb/sth adopter une attitude indulgente/sévère à l'égard de qn/qch ; to take the view ou attitude that être d'avis que, considérer que ;
    17 ( record) prendre [notes, statement] ; [doctor, nurse] prendre [pulse, temperature, blood pressure] ; [secretary] prendre [letter] ; to take sb's measurements ( for clothes) prendre les mesures de qn ; to take a reading lire les indications ;
    18 ( hold) [hall, bus] avoir une capacité de, pouvoir contenir [50 people, passengers etc] ; [tank, container] pouvoir contenir [quantity] ; the tank/bus will take… le réservoir/bus peut contenir… ; the cupboard/the suitcase won't take any more clothes il est impossible de mettre plus de vêtements dans ce placard/ cette valise ;
    19 ( consume) prendre [sugar, milk, pills, remedy] ; to take tea/lunch with sb GB sout prendre le thé/déjeuner avec qn ; ⇒ drug ;
    20 ( wear) ( in clothes) faire [size] ; to take a size 4 ( in shoes) ≈ faire ○ or chausser du 37 ;
    21 Phot prendre [photograph] ;
    22 Math ( subtract) soustraire [number, quantity] (from de) ;
    23 ( study) prendre, faire [subject] ; suivre [course] ;
    24 Sch, Univ ( sit) passer [exam, test] ;
    25 ( teach) [teacher, lecturer] faire cours à [students, pupils] ; to take sb for Geography/French faire cours de géographie/de français à qn ;
    26 ( officiate at) [priest] célébrer [service, prayer, wedding] ; dire [mass] ;
    27 ( capture) [army, enemy] prendre [fortress, city] ; ( in chess) [player] prendre [piece] ; ( in cards) faire [trick] ; [person] remporter [prize] ; ⇒ hostage, prisoner ;
    28 ○ ( have sex with) prendre [woman].
    C vi ( prét took ; pp taken)
    1 ( have desired effect) [drug] faire effet ; [dye] prendre ; ( grow successfully) [plant] prendre ;
    2 Fishg [fish] mordre.
    I'll take it from here fig je prendrai la suite ; to be on the take ○ toucher des pots-de-vin ; to take it ou a lot out of sb fatiguer beaucoup qn ; to take it upon oneself to do prendre sur soi de faire ; to take sb out of himself changer les idées à qn ; you can take it from me,… croyez-moi,…
    ▶ take [sb] aback interloquer [person].
    ▶ take after [sb] tenir de [father, mother etc].
    ▶ take against [sb] prendre [qn] en grippe.
    ▶ take [sb/sth] along, take along [sb/sth] emporter [object] ; emmener [person].
    ▶ take apart se démonter ; does it take apart? est-ce que ça se démonte? ;
    ▶ take [sb/sth] apart
    1 ( separate into parts) démonter [car, machine] ;
    2 ○ fig ( defeat) [player, team] massacrer ○ [opponent, team] ;
    3 ○ ( criticize) [person, critic, teacher] descendre [qch] en flammes ○ [essay, film, book].
    ▶ take [sb] aside prendre [qn] à part.
    ■ take away:
    ▶ take [sb/sth] away, take away [sb/sth]
    1 ( remove) enlever, emporter [object] (from de) ; emmener [person] (from de) ; supprimer [pain, fear, grief] (from de) ; ‘two hamburgers to take away, please’ GB ‘deux hamburgers à emporter, s'il vous plaît’ ; to take away sb's appetite faire perdre l'appétit à qn ;
    2 fig ( diminish) that doesn't take anything away from his achievement ça n'enlève rien à ce qu'il a accompli ;
    3 ( subtract) soustraire [number] (from à, de) ; ten take away seven is three dix moins sept égalent trois.
    ■ take back:
    ▶ take [sth] back, take back [sth]
    1 ( return to shop) [person, customer] rapporter [goods] (to à) ;
    2 ( retract) retirer [statement, words] ; I take it back je retire ce que j'ai dit ;
    ▶ take [sb] back ( cause to remember) rappeler des souvenirs à [person] ; this song takes me back to my childhood cette chanson me rappelle mon enfance ;
    ▶ take [sb/sth] back, take back [sb/sth] ( accept again) reprendre [partner, employee] ; reprendre [gift, ring] ; [shop] reprendre [goods].
    ■ take down:
    ▶ take [sth] down, take down [sth]
    1 ( remove) descendre [book, vase, box] ; enlever [picture, curtains] ;
    2 ( lower) baisser [skirt, pants] ;
    3 ( dismantle) démonter [tent, scaffolding] ;
    4 ( write down) noter [name, statement, details].
    ■ take hold:
    ▶ take hold [disease, epidemic] s'installer ; [idea, ideology] se répandre ; [influence] s'accroître ; to take hold of ( grasp) prendre [object, hand] ; fig ( overwhelm) [feeling, anger] envahir [person] ; [idea] prendre [person].
    ■ take in:
    ▶ take [sb] in, take in [sb]
    1 ( deceive) tromper, abuser [person] ; he was taken in il s'est laissé abuser ; don't be taken in by appearances! ne te fie pas aux apparences! ; I wasn't taken in by him je ne me suis pas laissé prendre à son jeu ;
    2 ( allow to stay) recueillir [person, refugee] ; prendre [lodger] ;
    ▶ take in [sth]
    1 ( understand) saisir, comprendre [situation] ; I can't take it in! je n'arrive pas à le croire! ;
    2 ( observe) noter [detail] ; embrasser [scene] ;
    3 ( encompass) inclure [place, developments] ;
    4 ( absorb) [root] absorber [nutrients] ; [person, animal] absorber [oxygen] ; fig s'imprégner de [atmosphere] ;
    5 Naut [boat] prendre [water] ;
    6 Sewing reprendre [dress, skirt etc] ;
    7 ( accept for payment) faire [qch] à domicile [washing, mending] ;
    8 ○ ( visit) aller à [play, exhibition].
    ■ take off:
    1 ( leave the ground) [plane] décoller ;
    2 fig [idea, fashion] prendre ; [product] marcher ; [sales] décoller ;
    3 ○ ( leave hurriedly) filer ○ ;
    ▶ take [sth] off
    1 ( deduct) to take £10 off (the price) réduire le prix de 10 livres, faire une remise de 10 livres ;
    2 ( have as holiday) to take two days off prendre deux jours de congé ; I'm taking next week off je suis en congé la semaine prochaine ;
    3 ( make look younger) that hairstyle takes 15 years off you! cette coiffure te rajeunit de 15 ans! ;
    ▶ take [sth] off, take off [sth]
    1 ( remove) enlever, ôter [clothing, shoes] ; enlever [lid, feet, hands] (from de) ; supprimer [dish, train] ; to take sth off the market retirer qch du marché ;
    2 ( amputate) amputer, couper [limb] ;
    3 ( withdraw) annuler [show, play] ;
    ▶ take [sb] off, take off [sb]
    1 ○ ( imitate) imiter [person] ;
    2 ( remove) to take sb off the case [police] retirer l'affaire à qn ; to take oneself off partir, s'en aller (to à).
    ■ take on:
    ▶ take on ( get upset) don't take on so ( stay calm) ne t'énerve pas ; ( don't worry) ne t'en fais pas ;
    ▶ take [sb/sth] on, take on [sb/sth]
    1 ( employ) embaucher, prendre [staff, worker] ;
    2 ( compete against) [team, player] jouer contre [team, player] ; ( fight) se battre contre [person, opponent] ; to take sb on at chess/at tennis jouer aux échecs/au tennis contre qn ;
    3 ( accept) accepter, prendre [work, task] ; prendre [responsibilities] ;
    4 ( acquire) prendre [look, significance, colour, meaning].
    ■ take out:
    ▶ take out s'enlever ; does this take out? est-ce que ça s'enlève? ;
    ▶ take [sb/sth] out, take out [sb/sth]
    1 ( remove) sortir [object] (from, of de) ; [dentist] extraire, arracher ○ [tooth] ; [doctor] enlever [appendix] ; ( from bank) retirer [money] (of de) ; take your hands out of your pockets! enlève tes mains de tes poches! ;
    2 ( go out with) sortir avec [person] ; to take sb out to dinner/for a walk emmener qn dîner/se promener ;
    3 ( eat elsewhere) emporter [fast food] ; ‘two hamburgers to take out, please!’ ‘deux hamburgers à emporter, s'il vous plaît! ;
    4 ( deduct) déduire [contributions, tax] (of de) ;
    5 ○ (kill, destroy) éliminer [person] ; détruire [installation, target] ;
    6 to take sth out on sb passer qch sur qn [anger, frustration] ; to take it out on sb s'en prendre à qn.
    ■ take over:
    1 ( take control) (of town, country, party) [army, faction] prendre le pouvoir ; he's always trying to take over il veut toujours tout commander ;
    2 ( be successor) [person] prendre la suite (as comme) ; to take over from remplacer, succéder à [predecessor] ;
    ▶ take over [sth]
    1 ( take control of) prendre le contrôle de [town, country] ; reprendre [business] ; shall I take over the driving for a while? veux-tu que je prenne un peu le volant? ;
    2 Fin racheter, prendre le contrôle de [company].
    ■ take part prendre part ; to take part in participer à [production, activity].
    ■ take place avoir lieu.
    ■ take to:
    ▶ take to [sb/sth]
    1 ( develop liking for) he has really taken to her/to his new job elle/son nouvel emploi lui plaît vraiment beaucoup ;
    2 ( begin) to take to doing ○ se mettre à faire ; he's taken to smoking/wearing a hat il s'est mis à fumer/porter un chapeau ;
    3 (go) se réfugier dans [forest, hills] ; to take to one's bed se mettre au lit ; to take to the streets descendre dans la rue.
    ■ take up:
    ▶ take up ( continue story etc) reprendre ; to take up where sb/sth left off reprendre là où qn/qch s'était arrêté ; to take up with s'attacher à [person, group] ;
    ▶ take up [sth]
    1 ( lift up) enlever [carpet, pavement, track] ; prendre [pen] ;
    2 ( start) se mettre à [golf, guitar] ; prendre [job] ; to take up a career as an actor se lancer dans le métier d'acteur ; to take up one's duties ou responsibilities entrer dans ses fonctions ;
    3 ( continue) reprendre [story, discussion] ; reprendre [cry, refrain] ;
    4 ( accept) accepter [offer, invitation] relever [challenge] ; to take up sb's case Jur accepter de défendre qn ;
    5 to take sth up with sb soulever [qch] avec qn [matter] ;
    6 ( occupy) prendre, occuper [space] ; prendre, demander [time, energy] ;
    7 ( adopt) prendre [position, stance] ;
    8 Sewing ( shorten) raccourcir [skirt, curtains etc] ;
    9 ( absorb) [sponge, material, paper] absorber [liquid] ;
    ▶ take [sb] up
    1 ( adopt) fig she was taken up by the surrealists elle a été adoptée par les surréalistes ;
    2 to take sb up on ( challenge) reprendre qn sur [point, assertion] ; ( accept) to take sb up on an invitation/an offer accepter l'invitation/l'offre de qn.

    Big English-French dictionary > take

  • 9 credit

    1. noun
    1) no pl. (commendation) Anerkennung, die; (honour) Ehre, die

    give somebody [the] credit for something — jemandem für etwas Anerkennung zollen (geh.)

    take the credit for something — die Anerkennung für etwas einstecken

    [we must give] credit where credit is due — Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt

    it is [much or greatly/little] to somebody's/something's credit that... — es macht jemandem/einer Sache [große/wenig] Ehre, dass...

    it is to his credit that... — es ehrt ihn, dass...

    be a credit to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen

    2)

    credits, credit titles — (at beginning of film) Vorspann, der; (at end) Nachspann, der

    3) no pl., no art. (belief) Glaube, der

    gain credit — an Glaubwürdigkeit gewinnen

    4) no pl. (Commerc.) Kredit, der

    give [somebody] credit — [jemandem] Kredit geben

    5) no pl. (Finance, Bookk.) Guthaben, das

    be in credit — [Konto:] im Haben sein; [Person:] mit seinem Konto im Haben sein

    6) (fig.)

    he's cleverer than I gave him credit for — er ist klüger, als ich dachte

    2. transitive verb
    1) (believe) glauben
    3) (Finance, Bookk.) gutschreiben

    credit £10 to somebody/somebody's account — jemandem/jemandes Konto 10 Pfund gutschreiben

    * * *
    ['kredit] 1. noun
    1) (time allowed for payment of goods etc after they have been received: We don't give credit at this shop.) der Kredit
    2) (money loaned (by a bank).) der Kredit
    3) (trustworthiness regarding ability to pay for goods etc: Your credit is good.) der Ruf
    4) ((an entry on) the side of an account on which payments received are entered: Our credits are greater than our debits.) das Haben
    5) (the sum of money which someone has in an account at a bank: Your credit amounts to 2,014 dollars.) das Guthaben
    6) (belief or trust: This theory is gaining credit.) der Glaube
    7) ((American) a certificate to show that a student has completed a course which counts towards his degree.) der Anrechnungspunkt
    2. verb
    1) (to enter (a sum of money) on the credit side( of an account): This cheque was credited to your account last month.) anrechnen
    2) ((with with) to think of (a person or thing) as having: He was credited with magical powers.) zuschreiben
    3) (to believe (something) to be possible: Well, would you credit that!) glauben
    •
    - academic.ru/17119/creditable">creditable
    - creditably
    - creditor
    - credits
    - credit card
    - be a credit to someone
    - be a credit to
    - do someone credit
    - do credit
    - give someone credit for something
    - give credit for something
    - give someone credit
    - give credit
    - on credit
    - take the credit for something
    - take credit for something
    - take the credit
    - take credit
    * * *
    cred·it
    [ˈkredɪt]
    I. n
    1. no pl (recognition, praise) Anerkennung f; (respect) Achtung f; (honour) Ehre f
    all \credit to her for not telling on us alle Achtung, dass sie uns nicht verraten hat!
    to her [great] \credit, she admitted she was wrong man muss [es] ihr hoch anrechnen, dass sie ihren Fehler zugegeben hat
    to be a \credit to sb/sth, to do sb/sth \credit jdm/etw Ehre machen
    to claim \credit [for sth] sich dat etw als Verdienst anrechnen
    we cannot claim much \credit for her success ihr Erfolg ist nicht unser Verdienst
    to get \credit for sth für etw akk Anerkennung bekommen
    to give sb \credit for sth (attribute) jdm etw [o das Verdienst an etw dat] zuschreiben; (praise) jdm für etw akk Anerkennung zollen geh
    to take [the] \credit [for sth] die [ganzen] Lorbeeren [für etw akk] einheimsen fam
    2. no pl (standing) Ansehen nt
    to acquire \credit sich dat Ansehen erwerben
    to gain \credit an Ansehen gewinnen
    3. no pl (achievement) Verdienst nt
    ▪ it is to sb's \credit that... es ist jds Verdienst, dass...
    to have sth to one's \credit etw vorweisen [o für sich akk verbuchen] können
    she has a family, three books and a professorship to her \credit sie kann bereits eine Familie, drei Bücher und eine Professur vorweisen
    he already has three box office hits to his \credit er kann schon drei Kassenerfolge für sich verbuchen
    4. no pl (reliability) Glaubwürdigkeit f
    to have \credit glaubwürdig sein
    to lend \credit to sth etw glaubwürdig erscheinen lassen
    5. no pl (reliance) Glaube[n] m
    to give \credit to sth etw dat Glauben schenken
    to give sb \credit for sth jdm etw zutrauen
    I gave him \credit for better judgement than he showed ich hätte ihm ein besseres Urteilsvermögen zugetraut
    6. no pl FIN, COMM Kredit m
    to buy sth on \credit etw auf Kredit kaufen
    to give [sb] \credit [jdm] Kredit geben
    the newsagent doesn't give me any more \credit ich kann beim Zeitschriftenhändler nicht mehr anschreiben lassen
    to live on \credit auf Kredit [o fam Pump] leben
    to offer \credit on sth einen Kredit für etw akk anbieten
    to sell sth on \credit etw auf Kredit verkaufen
    7. FIN (money in the bank) Haben nt; (right-hand side of account) Habenseite f; (entry) Gutschrift f
    account in \credit Konto nt mit positivem Saldo
    debit and \credit Soll nt und Haben nt
    letter of \credit Akkreditiv nt fachspr
    tax \credit Steuergutschrift f
    \credit by way of bank guaranty Avalkredit m fachspr
    to be in \credit esp BRIT im Plus sein
    to enter [or place] sth to sb's \credit jdm etw gutschreiben
    8. no pl FIN, COMM (trustworthiness) Kreditwürdigkeit f
    9. SCH Auszeichnung f; UNIV Schein m
    ▪ \credits pl FILM, TV Abspann m; LIT Mitarbeiterverzeichnis nt
    11.
    ▶ [give] \credit where \credit's due ( saying) Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt prov
    II. vt
    ▪ to \credit sth to sb jdm etw zuschreiben
    the invention was \credited to him die Erfindung wurde ihm zugeschrieben
    2. (consider to be responsible for)
    ▪ to \credit sth/sb with sth etw/jdm etw zuschreiben
    she is \credited with discovering the substance ihr wird zugeschrieben, den Stoff entdeckt zu haben
    ▪ to \credit sth/sb with sth etw/jdm etw zuschreiben
    he'd always been \credited with understanding and sympathy for his patients alle hielten ihn seinen Patienten gegenüber für sehr verständnisvoll und mitfühlend
    I \credited her with more determination ich hatte ihr mehr Entschlossenheit zugetraut
    ▪ to \credit sth etw glauben
    would [or can] you \credit it?! ist das zu glauben?!
    her excuse took some \crediting ihre Entschuldigung war ziemlich unglaubwürdig
    5. (give, add)
    ▪ to \credit sth to sb/an account jdm/einem Konto etw gutschreiben
    6. (give to, put into)
    ▪ to \credit sb/an account with sth jdm/einem Konto etw gutschreiben
    * * *
    ['kredɪt]
    1. n
    1) no pl (FIN) Kredit m; (in pub, hotel, shop etc) Stundung f

    the bank will let me have £5,000 credit — die Bank räumt mir einen Kredit von £ 5.000 ein

    his credit is good — er ist kreditwürdig; (in small shop) er ist vertrauenswürdig

    to give sb ( unlimited) credit — jdm (unbegrenzt) Kredit geben

    we can't give you credit (bank) — wir können Ihnen keinen Kredit geben; (corner shop etc)

    pubs do not usually give credit — in Lokalen bekommt man normalerweise nichts gestundet

    letter of credit — Kreditbrief m, Akkreditiv nt

    2) (FIN: money possessed by person, firm) (Gut)haben nt; (COMM = sum of money) Kreditposten m

    to be in credit — Geld nt auf dem Konto haben

    3) no pl (= standing) Ansehen nt
    4) no pl (= honour) Ehre f; (= recognition) Anerkennung f; (SCH, UNIV = distinction) Auszeichnung f

    well, all credit to you for not succumbing — alle Achtung, dass Sie nicht nachgegeben haben

    I do all the work and he gets all the credit — ich mache die Arbeit, und ihm wird es als Verdienst angerechnet

    credit where credit is due (prov) — Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt (prov)

    5) no pl (= belief) Glaube m

    to give credit to sth — etw glauben, einer Sache (dat)

    6) (esp US UNIV) Schein m
    7) pl (FILM ETC) Vor-/Nachspann m; (in book) Herausgeber- und Mitarbeiterverzeichnis nt
    2. vt
    1) (= believe) glauben

    would you credit it! — ist das denn zu glauben!, ist das denn die Möglichkeit!

    2) (= attribute) zuschreiben (+dat)

    he was credited with having found the solution —

    it's credited with (having) magic powers — ihm werden Zauberkräfte zugeschrieben

    3) (FIN) gutschreiben

    to credit a sum to sb's account — jds Konto (dat) einen Betrag gutschreiben (lassen)

    he/his account had been credited with £100 — ihm/seinem Konto waren £ 100 gutgeschrieben worden

    * * *
    credit [ˈkredıt]
    A s
    1. Glaube(n) m:
    give credit to sth einer Sache Glauben schenken;
    place credit in Zutrauen haben zu, vertrauen (dat); → worthy A 2
    2. Ansehen n, Achtung f, guter Ruf:
    be in high credit with in hohem Ansehen stehen bei;
    gain credit an Ansehen gewinnen
    3. Glaubwürdigkeit f
    4. Einfluss m
    5. Ehre f:
    be a credit to sb, be to sb’s credit, do sb credit, reflect credit on sb jemandem Ehre machen oder einbringen, jemandem zur Ehre gereichen;
    he has not done you credit mit ihm haben Sie keine Ehre eingelegt;
    to his credit it must be said that … zu seiner Ehre muss man sagen, dass …;
    with credit ehrenvoll;
    credit where credit is due Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt
    6. Anerkennung f, Lob n:
    get credit for sth Anerkennung finden für etwas;
    that’s very much to his credit das ist sehr anerkennenswert oder verdienstvoll von ihm
    7. Verdienst n:
    a) jemandem etwas hoch oder als Verdienst anrechnen,
    b) jemandem etwas zutrauen,
    c) sich jemandem für etwas (dankbar) verpflichtet fühlen;
    he is cleverer than we give him credit for er ist klüger, als wir glauben;
    take credit to o.s. for sth, take (the) credit for sth sich etwas als Verdienst anrechnen, den Ruhm oder das Verdienst für etwas in Anspruch nehmen
    8. WIRTSCH
    a) Kredit m
    b) Zeit f, Ziel n
    c) Akkreditiv n:
    on credit auf Kredit oder Ziel;
    at one month’s credit auf einen Monat Ziel;
    credit on goods Warenkredit;
    give sb credit for £1,000 jemandem einen Kredit von 1000 Pfund geben;
    open a credit einen Kredit oder ein Akkreditiv eröffnen
    9. WIRTSCH Kredit(würdigkeit) f, -fähigkeit f
    10. WIRTSCH
    a) Guthaben n, Kreditposten m
    b) Kredit(seite) m(f), Haben n:
    your credit Saldo zu Ihren Gunsten;
    enter ( oder place, put) a sum to sb’s credit jemandem einen Betrag gutschreiben;
    have sth to one’s credit fig etwas aufzuweisen haben
    11. WIRTSCH, PARL Br Vorgriff m auf das Budget
    12. US (Steuer)Freibetrag m, abzugsfähiger Betrag
    13. UNIV US
    a) Anrechnungspunkt m (auf ein für den Erwerb eines akademischen Grades zu erfüllendes Pensum)
    14. pl FILM, TV Vorspann m oder Ab-, Nachspann m
    B v/t
    1. Glauben schenken (dat), jemandem oder eine Sache glauben:
    would you credit it! ist es denn die Möglichkeit!, man sollte es nicht für möglich halten!
    2. jemandem (ver)trauen
    a) jemandem etwas zutrauen,
    b) jemandem etwas zuschreiben
    4. WIRTSCH
    a) einen Betrag gutschreiben, kreditieren ( beide:
    to sb jemandem):
    credit an account with an amount, credit an amount to an account einen Betrag einem Konto gutschreiben
    b) jemanden erkennen (with, for für):
    5. credit sb with three hours in history UNIV US jemandem für einen Geschichtskurs drei Punkte (aufs Pensum) anrechnen
    cr. abk WIRTSCH credit (creditor)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) no pl. (commendation) Anerkennung, die; (honour) Ehre, die

    give somebody [the] credit for something — jemandem für etwas Anerkennung zollen (geh.)

    [we must give] credit where credit is due — Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt

    it is [much or greatly/little] to somebody's/something's credit that... — es macht jemandem/einer Sache [große/wenig] Ehre, dass...

    it is to his credit that... — es ehrt ihn, dass...

    be a credit to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache Ehre machen

    2)

    credits, credit titles — (at beginning of film) Vorspann, der; (at end) Nachspann, der

    3) no pl., no art. (belief) Glaube, der
    4) no pl. (Commerc.) Kredit, der

    give [somebody] credit — [jemandem] Kredit geben

    5) no pl. (Finance, Bookk.) Guthaben, das

    be in credit — [Konto:] im Haben sein; [Person:] mit seinem Konto im Haben sein

    6) (fig.)

    he's cleverer than I gave him credit for — er ist klüger, als ich dachte

    2. transitive verb
    1) (believe) glauben
    3) (Finance, Bookk.) gutschreiben

    credit £10 to somebody/somebody's account — jemandem/jemandes Konto 10 Pfund gutschreiben

    * * *
    n.
    Ansehen - n.
    Kredit -e m. v.
    gutschreiben v.

    English-german dictionary > credit

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

    (1889-1970)
       The Coimbra University professor of finance and economics and one of the founders of the Estado Novo, who came to dominate Western Europe's longest surviving authoritarian system. Salazar was born on 28 April 1889, in Vimieiro, Beira Alta province, the son of a peasant estate manager and a shopkeeper. Most of his first 39 years were spent as a student, and later as a teacher in a secondary school and a professor at Coimbra University's law school. Nine formative years were spent at Viseu's Catholic Seminary (1900-09), preparing for the Catholic priesthood, but the serious, studious Salazar decided to enter Coimbra University instead in 1910, the year the Braganza monarchy was overthrown and replaced by the First Republic. Salazar received some of the highest marks of his generation of students and, in 1918, was awarded a doctoral degree in finance and economics. Pleading inexperience, Salazar rejected an invitation in August 1918 to become finance minister in the "New Republic" government of President Sidónio Pais.
       As a celebrated academic who was deeply involved in Coimbra University politics, publishing works on the troubled finances of the besieged First Republic, and a leader of Catholic organizations, Sala-zar was not as modest, reclusive, or unknown as later official propaganda led the public to believe. In 1921, as a Catholic deputy, he briefly served in the First Republic's turbulent congress (parliament) but resigned shortly after witnessing but one stormy session. Salazar taught at Coimbra University as of 1916, and continued teaching until April 1928. When the military overthrew the First Republic in May 1926, Salazar was offered the Ministry of Finance and held office for several days. The ascetic academic, however, resigned his post when he discovered the degree of disorder in Lisbon's government and when his demands for budget authority were rejected.
       As the military dictatorship failed to reform finances in the following years, Salazar was reinvited to become minister of finances in April 1928. Since his conditions for acceptance—authority over all budget expenditures, among other powers—were accepted, Salazar entered the government. Using the Ministry of Finance as a power base, following several years of successful financial reforms, Salazar was named interim minister of colonies (1930) and soon garnered sufficient prestige and authority to become head of the entire government. In July 1932, Salazar was named prime minister, the first civilian to hold that post since the 1926 military coup.
       Salazar gathered around him a team of largely academic experts in the cabinet during the period 1930-33. His government featured several key policies: Portuguese nationalism, colonialism (rebuilding an empire in shambles), Catholicism, and conservative fiscal management. Salazar's government came to be called the Estado Novo. It went through three basic phases during Salazar's long tenure in office, and Salazar's role underwent changes as well. In the early years (1928-44), Salazar and the Estado Novo enjoyed greater vigor and popularity than later. During the middle years (1944—58), the regime's popularity waned, methods of repression increased and hardened, and Salazar grew more dogmatic in his policies and ways. During the late years (1958-68), the regime experienced its most serious colonial problems, ruling circles—including Salazar—aged and increasingly failed, and opposition burgeoned and grew bolder.
       Salazar's plans for stabilizing the economy and strengthening social and financial programs were shaken with the impact of the civil war (1936-39) in neighboring Spain. Salazar strongly supported General Francisco Franco's Nationalist rebels, the eventual victors in the war. But, as the civil war ended and World War II began in September 1939, Salazar's domestic plans had to be adjusted. As Salazar came to monopolize Lisbon's power and authority—indeed to embody the Estado Novo itself—during crises that threatened the future of the regime, he assumed ever more key cabinet posts. At various times between 1936 and 1944, he took over the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of War (Defense), until the crises passed. At the end of the exhausting period of World War II, there were rumors that the former professor would resign from government and return to Coimbra University, but Salazar continued as the increasingly isolated, dominating "recluse of São Bento," that part of the parliament's buildings housing the prime minister's offices and residence.
       Salazar dominated the Estado Novo's government in several ways: in day-to-day governance, although this diminished as he delegated wider powers to others after 1944, and in long-range policy decisions, as well as in the spirit and image of the system. He also launched and dominated the single party, the União Nacional. A lifelong bachelor who had once stated that he could not leave for Lisbon because he had to care for his aged mother, Salazar never married, but lived with a beloved housekeeper from his Coimbra years and two adopted daughters. During his 36-year tenure as prime minister, Salazar engineered the important cabinet reshuffles that reflect the history of the Estado Novo and of Portugal.
       A number of times, in connection with significant events, Salazar decided on important cabinet officer changes: 11 April 1933 (the adoption of the Estado Novo's new 1933 Constitution); 18 January 1936 (the approach of civil war in Spain and the growing threat of international intervention in Iberian affairs during the unstable Second Spanish Republic of 1931-36); 4 September 1944 (the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy and the increasing likelihood of a defeat of the Fascists by the Allies, which included the Soviet Union); 14 August 1958 (increased domestic dissent and opposition following the May-June 1958 presidential elections in which oppositionist and former regime stalwart-loyalist General Humberto Delgado garnered at least 25 percent of the national vote, but lost to regime candidate, Admiral Américo Tomás); 13 April 1961 (following the shock of anticolonial African insurgency in Portugal's colony of Angola in January-February 1961, the oppositionist hijacking of a Portuguese ocean liner off South America by Henrique Galvão, and an abortive military coup that failed to oust Salazar from office); and 19 August 1968 (the aging of key leaders in the government, including the now gravely ill Salazar, and the defection of key younger followers).
       In response to the 1961 crisis in Africa and to threats to Portuguese India from the Indian government, Salazar assumed the post of minister of defense (April 1961-December 1962). The failing leader, whose true state of health was kept from the public for as long as possible, appointed a group of younger cabinet officers in the 1960s, but no likely successors were groomed to take his place. Two of the older generation, Teotónio Pereira, who was in bad health, and Marcello Caetano, who preferred to remain at the University of Lisbon or in private law practice, remained in the political wilderness.
       As the colonial wars in three African territories grew more costly, Salazar became more isolated from reality. On 3 August 1968, while resting at his summer residence, the Fortress of São João do Estoril outside Lisbon, a deck chair collapsed beneath Salazar and his head struck the hard floor. Some weeks later, as a result, Salazar was incapacitated by a stroke and cerebral hemorrhage, was hospitalized, and became an invalid. While hesitating to fill the power vacuum that had unexpectedly appeared, President Tomás finally replaced Salazar as prime minister on 27 September 1968, with his former protégé and colleague, Marcello Caetano. Salazar was not informed that he no longer headed the government, but he never recovered his health. On 27 July 1970, Salazar died in Lisbon and was buried at Santa Comba Dão, Vimieiro, his village and place of birth.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Salazar, Antônio de Oliveira

  • 12 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 13 Senefelder, Alois

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)
    d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany
    [br]
    German inventor of lithography.
    [br]
    Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.
    He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.
    He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.
    With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).
    Further Reading
    W.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.
    M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Senefelder, Alois

  • 14 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 15 credit

    'kredit 1. noun
    1) (time allowed for payment of goods etc after they have been received: We don't give credit at this shop.) kreditt, avbetaling
    2) (money loaned (by a bank).) lån
    3) (trustworthiness regarding ability to pay for goods etc: Your credit is good.) godt skussmål, kredittverdighet
    4) ((an entry on) the side of an account on which payments received are entered: Our credits are greater than our debits.) kredittpostering
    5) (the sum of money which someone has in an account at a bank: Your credit amounts to 2,014 dollars.) beløp på en konto
    6) (belief or trust: This theory is gaining credit.) støtte
    7) ((American) a certificate to show that a student has completed a course which counts towards his degree.) vekttall for et fullført kurs; deleksamen
    2. verb
    1) (to enter (a sum of money) on the credit side (of an account): This cheque was credited to your account last month.) godskrive, kreditere
    2) ((with with) to think of (a person or thing) as having: He was credited with magical powers.) tillegge, tilskrive
    3) (to believe (something) to be possible: Well, would you credit that!) tro (på), feste lit til
    •
    - creditably
    - creditor
    - credits
    - credit card
    - be a credit to someone
    - be a credit to
    - do someone credit
    - do credit
    - give someone credit for something
    - give credit for something
    - give someone credit
    - give credit
    - on credit
    - take the credit for something
    - take credit for something
    - take the credit
    - take credit
    kreditt
    --------
    sitat
    I
    subst. \/ˈkredɪt\/
    1) ( handel) kreditt
    2) anseelse, (godt) rykte, tiltro
    3) ære, anerkjennelse, heder, berømmelse
    4) (britisk, universitet) forklaring: karakter over ståkarakter
    5) (amer., skolevesen eller universitet, også credit hour) poeng, kurspoeng
    balance to someone's credit saldo i ens favør
    be a credit to gjøre ære på, være en heder for
    be in high credit stå høyt i kurs
    credit where credit is due æres den som æres bør
    credit with kreditt hos
    do someone credit tjene noen til heder\/ros
    get credit for få ros for, få erkjennelse for, få takk for
    get the credit for something få æren for noe
    • I did the work, and she got the credit
    give credit to tro på, feste lit til
    give someone credit for something rose noen for noe, gi noen æren for noe tro noe om noen, tiltro noen noe
    lend credit to bestyrke, støtte riktigheten av
    on credit på kreditt, på krita
    on the credit side på plussiden
    place credit in tro på, stole på
    revolving credit ( bank) løpende kreditt
    II
    verb \/ˌkredɪt\/
    1) tro (på), ha tro (på), ha tiltro til, feste lit til
    2) gi æren (for), få æren (for)
    3) ( handel) godskrive, kreditere
    credit an account godskrive en konto
    credit someone with an amount eller credit an amount to someone kreditere\/godskrive noen (for) et beløp
    credit someone with something eller credit something to someone tiltro noen noe, tro at noen er noe, tro at noen har (gjort) noe

    English-Norwegian dictionary > credit

  • 16 Durão Barroso, José Manuel

    (1952-)
       Academic, scholar, and politician who rose to prominence after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Trained as an academic in the field of political science and law, Durão Barroso received a master's degree in political science at a Swiss university in the 1980s and continued to a doctorate in Portugal. For some years, he taught political science at the University of Geneva. A student of Portuguese government and politics, he entered academic life in Lisbon at various universities, including the Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon, and spent terms abroad as a visiting political science professor at Georgetown University in the United States.
       A leading member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) after 1993, he was minister of foreign affairs in the Cavaco Silva government in the mid-1990s. When Marcello Rebelo de Sousa withdrew from politics in 1999, Durão Barroso was elected in his place as chief of the PSD; he led the party in the October 1999 elections, won by the Socialist Party (PS) under Guterres. The defeat of the PSD in this election, whose final results were closer than predicted, cast a shadow on the leadership position of Durão Barroso, whose brittle style and manner of public speaking aroused controversy. The position of the PSD, however, still retained some strength; the results of the October 1999 elections were disappointing to the PS, which expected to win an overall majority in the Assembly of the Republic. Instead, the PS fell one seat short. The electoral results in seats were PS (115) to PSD (81). As the PS's hold on the electorate weakened during 2001, and the party was defeated in municipal elections in December 2001, the PSD's leader came into his own as party chief.
       In the parliamentary elections of 17 March 2002, the PSD won the largest number of seats, and Durão Barroso was appointed prime minister. To have a majority, he governed in coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Durão Barroso reduced government spending, which affected the budgets of local governments and civil service recruitment. These measures, as well as plans to accelerate privatization and introduce labor reforms, resulted in a public-sector worker's strike in November 2002, the first such strike in 10 years. Durão Barroso decided to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a freeze on the wages of employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than 50 percent of the workforce.
       In 2004, he became president of the Commission, European Union (EU). He took up the office on 23 November 2004, and Pedro Santana Lopes, then the PSD mayor of Lisbon, became prime minister. Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Durão Barroso, José Manuel

  • 17 Economy

       Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.
       For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.
       Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.
       Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.
       During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.
       After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Economy

  • 18 wild

    wild [waɪld]
    (a) (undomesticated) sauvage; (untamed) farouche;
    ∎ a wild beast une bête sauvage; figurative une bête féroce;
    ∎ a pack of wild dogs une meute de chiens féroces ou sauvages;
    ∎ a wild rabbit un lapin de garenne
    (b) (uncultivated → fruit) sauvage; (→ flower, plant) sauvage, des champs;
    ∎ wild strawberries fraises fpl des bois;
    ∎ many parts of the country are still wild beaucoup de régions du pays sont encore à l'état sauvage
    ∎ wild weather du gros temps;
    ∎ a wild wind un vent violent ou de tempête;
    ∎ a wild sea une mer très agitée;
    ∎ it was a wild night ce fut une nuit de tempête
    (d) (mad) fou (folle), furieux;
    ∎ to be wild with grief/happiness/jealousy être fou de douleur/de joie/de jalousie;
    ∎ that noise is driving me wild ce bruit me rend fou;
    ∎ he had wild eyes or a wild look in his eyes il avait une lueur de folie dans le regard
    (e) (dishevelled → appearance) débraillé; (→ hair) en bataille, ébouriffé;
    ∎ a wild-looking young man un jeune homme à l'air farouche
    ∎ the speaker received wild applause l'orateur reçut des applaudissements frénétiques;
    ∎ familiar to be wild about sb être dingue de qn;
    ∎ familiar to be wild about sth être dingue de qch, être emballé par qch;
    ∎ I'm not really wild about modern art l'art moderne ne m'emballe pas vraiment
    (g) (outrageous → idea, imagination) insensé, fantaisiste; (→ promise) insensé; (→ rumour) délirant; (→ plan) extravagant;
    ∎ he has some wild scheme for getting rich quick il a un projet farfelu ou abracadabrant pour devenir riche en peu de temps;
    ∎ the book's success was beyond his wildest dreams le succès de son livre dépassait ses rêves les plus fous
    (h) (reckless) fou (folle);
    ∎ they're always having wild parties ils organisent toujours des soirées démentes;
    ∎ that was in my wild youth c'était au temps de ma folle jeunesse;
    ∎ we had some wild times together nous en avons fait des folies ensemble;
    ∎ there was a lot of wild talk about revolution/going to court on a beaucoup parlé de révolution/de porter l'affaire devant les tribunaux
    ∎ to take a wild swing at sth lancer le poing au hasard pour atteindre qch;
    ∎ to make a wild guess (at the answer) répondre à tout hasard ou à l'aveuglette;
    ∎ at a wild guess à vue de nez;
    ∎ Cards aces are wild les as sont libres;
    ∎ figurative to play a wild card prendre un risque
    ∎ to sow one's wild oats jeter sa gourme
    ∎ wild and woolly (idea, plan) peu réfléchi□ ; (place) sauvage□, primitif□
    2 noun
    ∎ in the wild en liberté;
    ∎ the call of the wild l'appel m de la nature;
    ∎ he spent a year living in the wild or the wilds il a passé un an dans la brousse;
    ∎ the wilds of northern Canada le fin fond du nord du Canada
    (a) (grow, live) en liberté;
    ∎ strawberries grow wild in the forest des fraises poussent à l'état sauvage dans la forêt;
    ∎ the deer live wild in the hills les cerfs vivent en liberté dans les collines
    ∎ to go wild with joy/rage devenir fou de joie/de colère;
    ∎ when he came on stage the audience went wild les spectateurs hurlèrent d'enthousiasme quand il arriva sur le plateau
    ∎ to run wild (animals) courir en liberté; (children) être déchaîné;
    ∎ they let their children run wild ils laissent leurs enfants traîner dans la rue; figurative ils ne disciplinent pas du tout leurs enfants;
    ∎ they've left the garden to run wild ils ont laissé le jardin à l'abandon ou revenir à l'état sauvage
    ►► Botany wild angelica angélique f sauvage;
    Zoology wild boar sanglier m;
    wild card (in card games) joker m; Computing joker m; Sport (player) = sportif invité à participer à une compétition sans s'être qualifié; (in American football) = équipe qualifiée pour la finale sans pour autant avoir remporté sa poule;
    Computing wild card character caractère m joker;
    Botany wild carrot carotte f sauvage;
    wild cherry (fruit) merise f; (tree) merisier m;
    Botany wild chicory chicorée f sauvage, mignonnette f;
    Zoology wild goat chèvre f sauvage; (ibex) bouquetin m;
    wild horse cheval m sauvage;
    ∎ figurative wild horses couldn't drag it out of me je serai muet comme une tombe;
    Botany wild hyacinth jacinthe f des bois;
    Botany wild madder garance f voyageuse;
    wild man (savage) sauvage m;
    Botany wild mignonette réséda m jaune;
    Botany wild pansy petite jacée f;
    Cookery wild rice zizania m, riz m sauvage;
    wild rose (dog rose) églantine f; (sweetbrier) églantier m odorant;
    wild silk soie f sauvage;
    Botany wild thyme serpolet m;
    Wild West Far West m;
    ∎ a Wild West show = un spectacle sur le thème du Far West
    ✾ Film 'Wild Strawberries' Bergman 'Les Fraises sauvages'
    ✾ Film 'Wild at Heart' Lynch 'Sailor et Lula'
    ✾ Film 'The Wild Bunch' Peckinpah 'L'Équipée sauvage'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > wild

  • 19 transfer incomes

    экон. перечисляемые (переводные) доходы, доходы от передачи; доходы от безвозмездных социальных выплат (пенсии, субсидии, пособия и т.п.)

    Labour and property incomes are received in exchange for the supply of productive factors (labour, land, capital) but some people receive incomes without supplying anything in return, e.g. pensions. These are called transfer incomes because the money is simply transferred to them without any exchange of goods or services taking place. — Труд и доходы от собственности получаются в обмен на поставку производственных факторов (труд, земля, капитал), но некоторые люди получают доходы, не поставляя ничего взамен, например, пенсии. Их называют переводными доходами, потому что деньги просто переданы им без какого-либо имеющего место обмена товарами или услугами.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > transfer incomes

  • 20 account

    noun
    1) (Finance) Rechnung, die

    keep accounts/the accounts — Buch/die Bücher führen

    settle or square accounts with somebody — (lit. or fig.) mit jemandem abrechnen

    on account — auf Rechnung; a conto

    on one's [own] account — auf eigene Rechnung; (fig.) von sich aus

    2) (at bank, shop) Konto, das
    3) (statement of facts) Rechenschaft, die

    give or render an account for something — über etwas (Akk.) Rechenschaft ablegen

    take account of something, take something into account — etwas berücksichtigen

    take no account of something/somebody, leave something/somebody out of account — etwas/jemanden unberücksichtigt lassen od. nicht berücksichtigen

    on no account, not on any account — auf [gar] keinen Fall

    of little/no account — von geringer/ohne Bedeutung

    6) (report)

    an account [of something] — ein Bericht [über etwas (Akk.)]

    by or from all accounts — nach allem, was man hört

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/83952/account_for">account for
    * * *
    1) (an arrangement by which a person keeps his money in a bank: I have( opened) an account with the local bank.) die Rechnung
    2) (a statement of money owing: Send me an account.) Geschaftsbücher
    3) (a description or explanation (of something that has happened): a full account of his holiday.) das Konto
    4) (an arrangement by which a person makes a regular (eg monthly) payment instead of paying at the time of buying: I have an account at Smiths.) Kundenkonto
    5) ((usually in plural) a record of money received and spent: You must keep your accounts in order; ( also adjective) an account book.) der Bericht
    •
    - accountancy
    - accountant
    - account for
    - on account of
    - on my/his etc account
    - on my/his account
    - on no account
    - take something into account
    - take into account
    - take account of something
    - take account of
    * * *
    ac·count
    [əˈkaʊnt]
    I. n
    1. (description) Bericht m
    by [or from] all \accounts nach allem, was man so hört
    by his own \account eigenen Aussagen zufolge
    to give [or ( form) render] an \account of sth Bericht über etw akk erstatten, etw schildern
    2. (with a bank) Konto nt
    bank/ BRIT building society \account Bank-/Bausparkassenkonto nt
    to have an \account with a bank ein Konto bei einer Bank haben
    to draw money out of [or withdraw money from] an \account Geld von einem Konto abheben
    savings [or BRIT deposit] \account Sparkonto nt
    current BRIT [or AM checking] \account (personal) Girokonto nt; (business) Kontokorrentkonto nt fachspr
    joint \account Gemeinschaftskonto nt
    securities \account Depot nt
    NOW \account AM zinstragendes Konto
    statement of \account Kontoauszug m
    to be on one's \account money auf dem Konto sein
    to open/close an \account [with sb] ein Konto [bei jdm] eröffnen/auflösen
    to pay sth into [or AM, AUS deposit sth in] an \account etw auf ein Konto überweisen; (in person) etw auf ein Konto einzahlen
    3. (credit) [Kunden]kredit m
    will that be cash or \account? zahlen Sie bar oder geht das auf Rechnung?
    to buy sth on \account BRIT etw auf Kredit kaufen
    to have an \account with sb bei jdm auf Rechnung kaufen
    to pay sth on \account BRIT ( dated) etw anzahlen, eine Anzahlung auf etw akk leisten
    to put sth on [or charge sth to] sb's \account etw auf jds Rechnung setzen, jdm etw in Rechnung stellen
    4. (bill) Rechnung f
    to settle [or pay] an \account eine Rechnung bezahlen [o geh begleichen
    ▪ \accounts pl [Geschäfts]bücher pl
    \accounts payable Kreditoren pl, Verbindlichkeiten pl
    \accounts receivable Forderungen pl, Außenstände pl
    capital \account Darstellung f des Kapitalverkehrs mit dem Ausland
    current \account balance of payments Saldo m der Leistungsbilanz
    period of \account FIN, ECON Geschäftsjahr nt
    to keep the \accounts esp BRIT die Buchhaltung machen
    to keep an \account of sth über etw akk Buch führen
    trading [or dealing] for the \account [or \account trading] Wertpapiergeschäfte, bei denen Auslieferung und Abrechnung der Papiere am nächsten Abrechnungstermin erfolgt
    rolling \account Erfüllung von Börsengeschäften zu einem späteren, entweder feststehenden oder vereinbarten Termin
    7. (customer) Kunde, Kundin m, f, [Kunden]vertrag m
    to take sth into \account [or to take \account of sth] etw berücksichtigen [o in Betracht ziehen]
    to take into \account that... berücksichtigen [o in Betracht ziehen], dass...
    to take no \account of sth [or to leave sth out of [the] \account] etw nicht berücksichtigen, etw außer Acht lassen
    9. (reason)
    on that \account I think... aus diesem Grund schlage ich vor,...
    ▪ on \account of sth aufgrund einer S. gen
    on my/her/his \account meinet-/ihret-/seinetwegen
    on no [or not on any] \account auf keinen Fall, unter keinen Umständen
    to be of little \account von geringer Bedeutung sein
    to be of no \account keinerlei Bedeutung haben
    11. no pl (responsibility)
    on one's own \account auf eigenes Risiko
    12. LAW Klage f auf Auskunft und Rechenschaftslegung
    action for an \account Rechnungslegungklage f
    13.
    ▶ to be called [or brought] to \account [for sth] [für etw akk] zur Verantwortung [o Rechenschaft] gezogen werden
    ▶ to give a good \account of oneself eine gute Figur abgeben; (in a fight, competition) sich akk wacker schlagen
    ▶ to settle [or square] \accounts with sb mit jdm abrechnen
    ▶ to turn sth to [good] \account ( form) aus etw dat seinen Vorteil ziehen
    II. vt ( form)
    to \account oneself fortunate sich akk glücklich schätzen
    I would \account it an honour if... es wäre mir eine Ehre,...
    III. vi
    1. (explain)
    ▪ to \account for sth etw erklären, über etw akk Rechenschaft ablegen
    there's no \accounting for taste[s] über Geschmack lässt sich streiten
    2. (locate)
    ▪ to \account for sth den Verbleib einer S. gen erklären
    ▪ to \account for sb jds Verbleib klären
    3. (make up)
    ▪ to \account for sth:
    students \account for the majority of our customers Studenten machen den größten Teil unserer Kundschaft aus
    ▪ to \account for sth etw mit einberechnen
    5. ( dated: defeat)
    ▪ to \account for sb jdn zur Strecke bringen geh
    * * *
    [ə'kaʊnt]
    1. n
    1) Darstellung f; (= report) Bericht m

    to keep an account of one's expenses/experiences — über seine Ausgaben Buch führen/seine Erlebnisse schriftlich festhalten

    by or from all accounts —

    by your own account — nach Ihrer eigenen Darstellung, nach Ihren eigenen Angaben

    to give an account of sth — über etw (acc) Bericht erstatten

    to be called or held to account for sth — über etw (acc) Rechenschaft ablegen müssen

    2)

    (= consideration) to take account of sb/sth, to take sb/sth into account — jdn/etw in Betracht ziehen

    to take no account of sb/sth, to leave sb/sth out of account — jdn/etw außer Betracht lassen

    on no account, not on any account — auf (gar) keinen Fall

    on this/that account — deshalb, deswegen

    on my/his/their account — meinet-/seinet-/ihretwegen

    3) (= benefit) Nutzen m

    to turn sth to (good) account — (guten) Gebrauch von etw machen, etw (gut) nützen

    4)

    (= importance) of little account — von geringer Bedeutung

    5) (FIN, COMM) (at bank, shop) Konto nt (with bei); (= client) Kunde m, Kundin f; (= bill) Rechnung f

    to win sb's account — jdn als Kunden gewinnen

    £50 on account — £ 50 als Anzahlung

    account payee only (Brit) — nur zur Verrechnung

    6) pl (of company, club) (Geschäfts)bücher pl; (of household) Einnahmen und Ausgaben pl

    to keep the accounts — die Bücher führen, die Buchführung machen

    2. vt
    (form: consider) erachten als
    * * *
    account [əˈkaʊnt]
    A v/t ansehen oder betrachten als, halten für:
    account o.s. lucky sich glücklich schätzen;
    be accounted a genius als Genie gelten
    B v/i
    1. account (to sb) for (jemandem) Rechenschaft ablegen über (akk), sich (jemandem gegenüber) verantworten für
    2. die Verantwortung tragen, verantwortlich sein ( beide:
    for für)
    3. erklären, begründen ( beide:
    for akk):
    how do you account for that? wie erklären Sie sich das?;
    that accounts for it das erklärt die Sache;
    there is no accounting for tastes über (den) Geschmack lässt sich nicht streiten, die Geschmäcker sind verschieden
    this region alone accounts for some 20% of the whole population
    C s
    1. WIRTSCH
    a) Berechnung f, Rechnung f
    b) pl Geschäftsbücher pl
    c) pl (Rechnungs-, Jahres)Abschluss m
    d) Konto n:
    have no money in one’s account kein Geld auf dem Konto haben;
    hold an account with ein Konto haben bei;
    pay sth into one’s account etwas auf sein Konto einzahlen;
    balance ( oder settle, square) accounts with fig abrechnen mit;
    transaction for the account (Börse) Br Termingeschäft n; → Bes Redew
    2. Rechenschaft f, Rechenschaftsbericht m:
    a) jemanden zur Rechenschaft ziehen ( for wegen),
    b) mit jemandem abrechnen ( for wegen);
    give (an) account of Rechenschaft ablegen über (akk)( → C 3);
    give a good account of etwas gut erledigen, einen Gegner abfertigen;
    give a good (bad) account of o.s.
    a) sich von seiner guten (schlechten) Seite zeigen,
    b) gut (schlecht) abschneiden;
    he gave a good account of himself auch er hat sich gut oder tapfer geschlagen
    3. Bericht m, Darstellung f, Beschreibung f, auch (künstlerische) Interpretation:
    by ( oder from) all accounts nach allem, was man hört;
    give an account of Bericht erstatten über (akk)( → C 2)
    4. Liste f, Verzeichnis n:
    keep an account of Buch führen über (akk)
    5. Erwägung f, Berücksichtigung f:
    leave out of account außer Betracht lassen;
    take account of, take into account Rechnung tragen (dat), in Betracht oder Erwägung ziehen, einkalkulieren, berücksichtigen;
    on account of wegen, aufgrund von (od gen);
    on his account seinetwegen;
    on my mother’s account wegen meiner Mutter, mit Rücksicht auf meine Mutter;
    on one’s own account von sich aus (→ Bes Redew);
    on no account, not on any account auf keinen Fall, unter keinen Umständen;
    on all accounts auf jeden Fall, unbedingt
    6. Wert m, Wichtigkeit f, Bedeutung f, Ansehen n, Geltung f:
    of no account unbedeutend, ohne Bedeutung, wertlos
    7. Gewinn m, Vorteil m:
    find one’s account in sth bei etwas profitieren oder auf seine Kosten kommen;
    put ( oder turn) sth to (good) account sich etwas zunutze machen, Kapital schlagen aus etwas, Nutzen ziehen aus etwasBesondere Redewendungen: account carried forward Vortrag m auf neue Rechnung;
    accounts payable Verbindlichkeiten, (Bilanz) US Kreditoren;
    accounts receivable Außenstände, (Bilanz) US Debitoren;
    buy for the account (Börse) auf Termin kaufen;
    carry to account in Rechnung stellen;
    carry to a new account auf neue Rechnung vortragen;
    for account only nur zur Verrechnung;
    for the account of another auf fremde Rechnung;
    for one’s own account auf eigene Rechnung;
    for the account and risk of für Rechnung und Gefahr von (od gen);
    a) auf Rechnung,
    b) auf Abschlag, als Anzahlung;
    on one’s own account
    a) auf eigene Rechnung,
    b) auf eigene Gefahr;
    payment per account Saldozahlung f;
    place ( oder put) sth to sb’s account jemandem etwas berechnen oder in Rechnung stellen; → render A 10
    a/c abk WIRTSCH account (account current) Kontokorrent n, Girokonto n
    acc. abk
    1. TECH acceleration
    2. WIRTSCH acceptance
    4. WIRTSCH account
    5. LING accusative
    acct. abk
    1. WIRTSCH account
    * * *
    noun
    1) (Finance) Rechnung, die

    keep accounts/the accounts — Buch/die Bücher führen

    settle or square accounts with somebody — (lit. or fig.) mit jemandem abrechnen

    on account — auf Rechnung; a conto

    on one's [own] account — auf eigene Rechnung; (fig.) von sich aus

    2) (at bank, shop) Konto, das
    3) (statement of facts) Rechenschaft, die

    give or render an account for something — über etwas (Akk.) Rechenschaft ablegen

    take account of something, take something into account — etwas berücksichtigen

    take no account of something/somebody, leave something/somebody out of account — etwas/jemanden unberücksichtigt lassen od. nicht berücksichtigen

    on no account, not on any account — auf [gar] keinen Fall

    of little/no account — von geringer/ohne Bedeutung

    an account [of something] — ein Bericht [über etwas (Akk.)]

    by or from all accounts — nach allem, was man hört

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Berechnung f.
    Bericht -e m.
    Konto -s n.
    Rechnung -en f.
    Wert -e m.

    English-german dictionary > account

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